Starting with the release version [0.10.0](https://github.com/cloud-hypervisor/cloud-hypervisor/releases/tag/v0.10.0), Cloud Hypervisor supports Windows guests.
__Requirements__
- Host with KVM enabled
- [UEFI](uefi.md) capable Windows guest image with Virtio drivers integrated
Any modern Windows Server version is compatible. Cloud Hypervisor has been successfully tested with Windows Server 2019 and Windows Server Core 2004.
At the current stage, only UEFI capable Windows images are supported. This implies the presence of the OVMF firmware during the Windows installation and in any subsequent usage. BIOS boot is not supported.
The subsequent sections will tell, in detail, how to prepare an appropriate Windows image.
- With the suggested image size of 30G, there should be enough free disk space to hold the installation ISO and any other necessary files
This step currently requires QEMU to install Windows onto the guest. QEMU is only used at the preparation stage, the resulting image is then fully functional with Cloud Hypervisor.
Preparing several command parts as these will be used in the follow up sections as well.
Before the installation can proceed, point the Windows installation program to the VirtIO disk and install the necessary storage controller drivers. After that, the attached hard drive will become visible and the actual installation can commence.
After the installation has completed, proceed further to the configuration section. QEMU will be needed at least once more to enable the Windows Special Administration Console (SAC) and to possibly install extra device drivers.
## Image Usage
The basic command to boot a Windows image. The configuration section should be checked before executing it for the first time.
```shell
cloud-hypervisor \
--kernel ./$OVMF_DIR/OVMF.fd \
--disk path=./$IMG_FILE \
--cpus boot=1,kvm_hyperv=on \
--memory size=4G \
--serial tty \
--console off \
--net tap=
```
It is necessary to always:
- Carry the OVMF firmware in the `--kernel` option
In cases where the host processor supports address space > 39 bits, it might be necessary to limit the address space. It can be done by appending the option `max_phys_bits=X` to the `--cpus` parameter, where `X` is the number of bits to be supported. Windows was tested to support at least 39-bit address space.
To daemonize the Cloud Hypervisor process, `nohup` can be used. Some STDIO redirections might need to be done. In a simple case it is sufficient to just redirect all the output to `/dev/null`.
## Image Configuration
### Device Drivers
After the Windows installation has finished under QEMU, there might be still devices with no drivers installed. This might happen for example, when a device was not used during the installation. In particular it is important to ensure that the VirtIO network device is setup correctly because further steps for the configuration and the usage require network in most case.
Boot once more under QEMU and use the [Device Manager](https://support.microsoft.com/en-in/help/4028443/windows-10-update-drivers), to ensure all the device drivers, and especially the network card, are installed correctly. Also, as Cloud Hypervisor can introduce new devices, it is advisable to repeat the procedure while booted under Cloud Hypervisor, when the RDP access to the image is functional.
### Windows Special Administration Console (SAC) enablement
SAC provides a text based console access to the Windows guest. As Cloud Hypervisor doesn't implement a VGA adaptor, SAC is an important instrument for the Windows guest management.
Boot the Windows image under QEMU and execute the below commands to permanently enable SAC
```cmd
bcdedit /emssettings emsport:1 emsbaudrate:115200
bcdedit /ems on
bcdedit /bootems on
```
Once SAC is enabled, the image can be booted under Cloud Hypervisor. The SAC prompt will show up
<pre>
Computer is booting, SAC started and initialized.
Use the "ch -?" command for information about using channels.
Use the "?" command for general help.
SAC>
</pre>
To open a console on the guest, the command sequence below can be used
<pre>
SAC>cmd
The Command Prompt session was successfully launched.
SAC>
EVENT: A new channel has been created. Use "ch -?" for channel help.
Channel: Cmd0001
SAC>ch -si 1
</pre>
See also the [links](#Links) section for a more extended SAC documentation.
## Network
This section illustrates the Windows specific corner points for the VM network configuration. For the extended networking guide, including bridging for multiple VMs, follow [networking.md](networking.md).
### Basic Networking
As the simplest option, using `--net tap=` in the Cloud Hypervisor command line will create a `vmtapX` device on the host with the default IPv4 adress `192.168.249.1`. After SAC becomes available, the guest configuration can be set with
This allows for SSH login from a remote machine, for example through the `administrator` user: `ssh administrator@192.168.249.2`. For a more detailed OpenSSH guide, please follow the MSDN article from the [links](#links) section.
The Windows guest debugging process relies heavily on QEMU and [socat](http://www.dest-unreach.org/socat/). The procedure requires two Windows VMs:
- A debugger VM running under QEMU.
- A debuggee, a Windows VM that has been created in the previous steps, running under Cloud Hypervisor or QEMU.
The connection between both guests happens over TCP, whereby on the guest side it is automatically translated to a COM port. Because the VMs are connected through TCP, the debugging infrastructure can be distributed over the network. The serial port, while slowly transferring data, is common enough to support a wide range of cases and tools.
In this excercise, [WinDbg](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/) is used. Any other debugger of choice with the ability to use serial connection can be used instead.
### Debugger and Debuggee
#### WinDbg VM
For simplicity, the debugger VM is supposed to be only running under QEMU. It will require VGA and doesn't neccessarily depend on UEFI. As an OS, it can carry any supported Windows OS where the debugger of choice can be installed. The simplest way is to follow the image preparation instructions from the previous chapter, but avoid using the OVMF firmware. It is also not required to use VirtIO drivers, whereby it might be useful in some case. Though, while creating the image file for the debugger VM, be sure to choose a sufficient disk size that counts in the need to save the corresponding debug symbols and sources.
To create the debugger Windows VM, the following command can be used:
A non server Windows OS like Windows 10 can be used to carry the debugging tools in the debugger VM.
#### Debuggee VM
The debuggee VM is the one that we've learned to configure and run in the first section. There might be various reasons to debug. For example, there could be an issue in the Windows guest with an emulated device or an included driver. Or, we might want to develop a custom feature like a kernel driver to be available in the guest.
Note, that there are several ways to debug Windows, not all of them need to be enabled at the same time. For example, if developing a kernel module, the only useful options would be to configure for the serial debugging and enable the kernel debug. In that case, any crash or misbehavior in the boot loader or kernel would be ignored. The commands below must be run as administrator on the debuggee guest VM.
##### Turn On Serial Debugging
This will configure the debugging to be enabled and instruct to use the serial port for it.
```cmd
bcdedit /dbgsettings serial debugport:1 baudrate:115200
```
##### Turn On Kernel Debuging
```cmd
bcdedit /debug on
```
##### Turn On Boot Loader Debug
```cmd
bcdedit /bootdebug on
```
##### Turn on boot manager debug
```cmd
bcdedit /set {bootmgr} bootdebug on
```
##### Disable Recovery Screen On Boot Failure
There could be a situation, where a crash is debugged. In such cases, the guest could be left in an inconsistent state. The default Windows behavior would be to boot into the recovery screen, however in some cases it might be not desired. To make Windows ignore failures and always proceed to booting the OS, use the command below:
Note, this VM has the networking enabled. It is needed, because symbols and sources might need to be fetched from a network location.
Also, notice the `-serial` parameter - that's what does the magic on exposing the serial port to the guest while connecting the debugger VM with a client VM through the network. SAC/EMS needs to be disabled in the debugger VM, as otherwise the COM device might be blocked.
It is to see, that `-serial` parameter is used here, to establish the connection with the debugger VM.
To disable HPET, attach `--no-hpet`. To enable hypervisor reference timer, use `-cpu host,hv-time`. These and other options can be used to achieve better [Hyper-V compatibility](https://archive.fosdem.org/2019/schedule/event/vai_enlightening_kvm/attachments/slides/2860/export/events/attachments/vai_enlightening_kvm/slides/2860/vkuznets_fosdem2019_enlightening_kvm.pdf).
##### Cloud Hypervisor
The `socat` tool is used to establish the QEMU compatible behavior. Here as well, the Cloud Hypervisor command used to run the Windows guest is to be used. Put the command into a shell script:
The reason to pack the command into the shell script is that the command might contain a comma. When using SYSTEM, the shell command can't contain `,` or `!!`.
