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docs: Add networking HOWTO
Signed-off-by: Johan Kuijpers <johan.kuijpers@ericsson.com>
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Johan Kuijpers
Rob Bradford
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docs/networking.md
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docs/networking.md
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# How to use networking
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cloud-hypervisor can emulate one or more virtual network interfaces, represented at the hypervisor host by [tap devices](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/tuntap.txt"). This guide briefly describes, in a manual and distribution neutral way, how to setup and use networking with cloud-hypevisor.
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## Start cloud-hypervisor with net devices
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Use one `--net` command-line argument from cloud-hypervisor to specify the emulation of one or more virtual NIC's. The example below instructs cloud-hypervisor to emulate for instance 2 virtual NIC's:
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```bash
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./cloud-hypervisor \
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--cpus 4 \
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--memory "size=512M" \
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--disk my-root-disk.img \
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--kernel my-vmlinux.bin \
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--cmdline "console=ttyS0 reboot=k panic=1 nomodules root=/dev/vda3" \
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--net tap=ich0,mac=a4:a1:c2:00:00:01,ip=192.168.4.2,mask=255.255.255.0 \
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tap=ich1,mac=a4:a1:c2:00:00:02,ip=10.0.1.2,mask=255.255.255.0
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```
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The `--net` argument takes 1 or more space-separated strings of key value pairs containing the following 4 keys or fields:
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| Name | Purpose | Optional |
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| -------- |----------------------------| ----------|
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| tap | tap device name | Yes |
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| mac | vNIC mac address | Yes |
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| ip | tap IP IP address | yes |
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| mask | tap IP netmask | Yes |
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## Configure the tap devices
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After starting cloud-hypervisor as shown above, 2 tap devices with state down will become available at the host:
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```bash
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root@host:~# ip link show ich0
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78: ich0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
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link/ether 72:54:12:ff:ce:6f brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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root@host:~# ip link show ich1
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79: ich1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
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link/ether 06:7a:fc:1b:9a:67 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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```
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Set the tap devices to up state:
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```bash
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root@host:~# ip link set up ich0
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root@host:~# ip link set up ich1
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root@host:~# ip link show ich0
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78: ich0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
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link/ether 72:54:12:ff:ce:6f brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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root@host:~# ip link show ich1
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79: ich1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
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link/ether 06:7a:fc:1b:9a:67 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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```
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## Connect tap devices
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Different networking models can be used to provide external connectivity. In this example we will
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use 2 linux bridges emulating 2 different networks. The integration bridge (ich-int) in this example will also be used
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for external connectivity.
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Create the bridges and connect the cloud-hypervisor tap devices to the bridges:
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```bash
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root@host:~# brctl addbr ich-int
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root@host:~# brctl addbr ich-dpl
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root@host:~# ip link set up ich-int
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root@host:~# ip link set up ich-dpl
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root@host:~# brctl addif ich-int ich0
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root@host:~# brctl addif ich-dpl ich1
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root@host:~# brctl show
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bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
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ich-dpl 8000.067afc1b9a67 no ich1
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ich-int 8000.725412ffce6f no ich0
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```
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This completes the layer 2 wiring: The cloud-hypervisor is now connected to the hypervisor host via the 2 linux bridges.
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## IP (Layer 3) provisioning
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### Hypervisor host
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On the hypervisor host add the network gateway IP address of each network to the 2 linux bridges:
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```bash
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root@host:~# ip addr add 192.168.4.1/24 dev ich-int
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root@host:~# ip addr add 10.0.1.1/24 dev ich-dpl
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```
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The routing table of the hypervisor host should now also have corresponding routing entries:
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```bash
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root@host:~# route -n
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Kernel IP routing table
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Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
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0.0.0.0 192.168.178.1 0.0.0.0 UG 600 0 0 wlan1
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10.0.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 ich-dpl
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192.168.4.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 ich-int
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192.168.178.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 600 0 0 wlan1
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```
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### Virtual Machine
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Within the virtual machine set the vNIC's to up state and provision the corresponding IP addresses on the 2 vNIC's. The steps outlined below use the ip command as an example. Alternative distribution specific procedures can also apply.
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```bash
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root@guest:~# ip link set up enp0s2
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root@guest:~# ip link set up enp0s3
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root@guest:~# ip addr add 192.168.4.2/24 dev enp0s2
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root@guest:~# ip addr add 10.0.1.2/24 dev enp0s3
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```
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IP connectivity between the virtual machine and the hypervisor-host can be verified by sending
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ICMP requests to the hypervisor-host for the gateway IP address from within the virtual machine:
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```bash
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root@guest:~# ping 192.168.4.1
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PING 192.168.4.1 (192.168.4.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
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64 bytes from 192.168.4.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.456 ms
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64 bytes from 192.168.4.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.226 ms
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root@guest:~# ping 10.0.1.1
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PING 10.0.1.1 (10.0.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
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64 bytes from 10.0.1.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.449 ms
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64 bytes from 10.0.1.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.393 ms
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```
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The connection can now be used for instance to log into the virtual machine with
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ssh under the precondition that the machine has an ssh daemon provisioned:
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```bash
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root@host:~# ssh root@192.168.4.2
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The authenticity of host '192.168.4.2 (192.168.4.2)' can't be established.
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ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:qNAUmTtDMW9pNuZARkpLQhfw+Yc1tqUDBrQp7aZGSjw.
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Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
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Warning: Permanently added '192.168.4.2' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
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root@192.168.4.2's password:
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Linux cloud-hypervisor 5.2.0 #2 SMP Thu Jul 11 08:08:16 CEST 2019 x86_64
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Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
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permitted by applicable law.
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Last login: Fri Jul 12 13:27:56 2019 from 192.168.4.1
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root@guest:~#
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```
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## Internet connectivity
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To enable internet connectivity a default gw and a nameserver has to be set within
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the virtual machine:
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```bash
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root@guest:~# ip route add default via 192.168.4.1
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root@guest:~# cat /etc/resolv.conf
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options timeout:2
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domain vallis.nl
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search vallis.nl
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nameserver 192.168.178.1
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```
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make sure that the default gateway of the hypervisor host (in this example host 192.168.178.1 which is an adsl router) has an entry in the routing table for the 192.168.4.0/24 network otherwise IP connectivity will not work.
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```bash
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root@guest:~# nslookup ftp.nl.debian.org
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Server: 192.168.178.1
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Address: 192.168.178.1#53
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Non-authoritative answer:
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cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org canonical name = prod.debian.map.fastly.net.
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Name: prod.debian.map.fastly.net
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Address: 151.101.36.204
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root@guest:~# apt-get update
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Ign:1 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian stretch InRelease
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Get:2 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian stretch Release [118 kB]
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Get:3 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian stretch Release.gpg [2434 B]
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Fetched 120 kB in 1s (110 kB/s)
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```
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