- [Cloud Hypervisor API](#cloud-hypervisor-api) - [External API](#external-api) - [REST API](#rest-api) - [REST API Location and availability](#rest-api-location-and-availability) - [REST API Endpoints](#rest-api-endpoints) - [Virtual Machine Manager (VMM) Actions](#virtual-machine-manager-vmm-actions) - [Virtual Machine (VM) Actions](#virtual-machine-vm-actions) - [REST API Examples](#rest-api-examples) - [Create a Virtual Machine](#create-a-virtual-machine) - [Boot a Virtual Machine](#boot-a-virtual-machine) - [Dump a Virtual Machine Information](#dump-a-virtual-machine-information) - [Reboot a Virtual Machine](#reboot-a-virtual-machine) - [Shut a Virtual Machine Down](#shut-a-virtual-machine-down) - [D-Bus API](#d-bus-api) - [D-Bus API Location and availability](#d-bus-api-location-and-availability) - [D-Bus API Interface](#d-bus-api-interface) - [Command Line Interface](#command-line-interface) - [REST API, D-Bus API and CLI Architectural Relationship](#rest-api-and-cli-architectural-relationship) - [Internal API](#internal-api) - [Goals and Design](#goals-and-design) - [End to End Example](#end-to-end-example) # Cloud Hypervisor API The Cloud Hypervisor API is made of 2 distinct interfaces: 1. **The External API** This is the user facing API. Users and operators can control and manage the Cloud Hypervisor through various options including a REST API, a Command Line Interface (CLI) or a D-Bus based API, which is not compiled into Cloud Hypervisor by default. 1. **The internal API**, based on [rust's Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer (MPSC)](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/mpsc/) module. This API is used internally by the Cloud Hypervisor threads to communicate between each others. The goal of this document is to describe the Cloud Hypervisor API as a whole, and to outline how the internal and external APIs are architecturally related. ## External API ### REST API The Cloud Hypervisor [REST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer) API triggers VM and VMM specific actions, and as such it is designed as a collection of RPC-style, static methods. The API is [OpenAPI 3.0](https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.0.md) compliant. Please consult the [Cloud Hypervisor OpenAPI Document](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cloud-hypervisor/cloud-hypervisor/master/vmm/src/api/openapi/cloud-hypervisor.yaml) for more details about the API payloads and responses. #### REST API Location and availability The REST API is available as soon as the Cloud Hypervisor binary is started, through a local UNIX socket. By default, it is located at `/run/user/{user ID}/cloud-hypervisor.{Cloud Hypervisor PID}`. For example, if you launched Cloud Hypervisor as user ID 1000 and its PID is 123456, the Cloud Hypervisor REST API will be available at `/run/user/1000/cloud-hypervisor.123456`. The REST API default URL can be overridden through the Cloud Hypervisor option `--api-socket`: ``` $ ./target/debug/cloud-hypervisor --api-socket /tmp/cloud-hypervisor.sock Cloud Hypervisor Guest API server: /tmp/cloud-hypervisor.sock vCPUs: 1 Memory: 512 MB Kernel: None Kernel cmdline: Disk(s): None ``` #### REST API Endpoints The Cloud Hypervisor API exposes the following actions through its endpoints: ##### Virtual Machine Manager (VMM) Actions | Action | Endpoint | Request Body | Response Body | Prerequisites | | ----------------------------------- | --------------- | ------------ | -------------------------- | ------------------ | | Check for the REST API availability | `/vmm.ping` | N/A | `/schemas/VmmPingResponse` | N/A | | Shut the VMM down | `/vmm.shutdown` | N/A | N/A | The VMM is running | ##### Virtual Machine (VM) Actions | Action | Endpoint | Request Body | Response Body | Prerequisites | | ---------------------------------- | ----------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------ | | Create the VM | `/vm.create` | `/schemas/VmConfig` | N/A | The VM is not created yet | | Delete the VM | `/vm.delete` | N/A | N/A | N/A | | Boot the VM | `/vm.boot` | N/A | N/A | The VM is created but not booted | | Shut the VM down | `/vm.shutdown` | N/A | N/A | The VM is booted | | Reboot the VM | `/vm.reboot` | N/A | N/A | The VM is booted | | Trigger power button of the VM | `/vm.power-button` | N/A | N/A | The VM is booted | | Pause the VM | `/vm.pause` | N/A | N/A | The VM is booted | | Resume the VM | `/vm.resume` | N/A | N/A | The VM is paused | | Task a snapshot of the VM | `/vm.snapshot` | `/schemas/VmSnapshotConfig` | N/A | The VM is paused | | Perform a coredump of the VM* | `/vm.coredump` | `/schemas/VmCoredumpData` | N/A | The VM is paused | | Restore the VM from a snapshot | `/vm.restore` | `/schemas/RestoreConfig` | N/A | The VM is created but not booted | | Add/remove CPUs to/from the VM | `/vm.resize` | `/schemas/VmResize` | N/A | The VM is booted | | Add/remove memory from the VM | `/vm.resize` | `/schemas/VmResize` | N/A | The VM is booted | | Add/remove memory from a zone | `/vm.resize-zone` | `/schemas/VmResizeZone` | N/A | The VM is booted | | Dump the VM information | `/vm.info` | N/A | `/schemas/VmInfo` | The VM is created | | Add VFIO PCI device to the VM | `/vm.add-device` | `/schemas/VmAddDevice` | `/schemas/PciDeviceInfo` | The VM is booted | | Add disk device to the VM | `/vm.add-disk` | `/schemas/DiskConfig` | `/schemas/PciDeviceInfo` | The VM is booted | | Add fs device to the VM | `/vm.add-fs` | `/schemas/FsConfig` | `/schemas/PciDeviceInfo` | The VM is booted | | Add pmem device to the VM | `/vm.add-pmem` | `/schemas/PmemConfig` | `/schemas/PciDeviceInfo` | The VM is booted | | Add network device to the VM | `/vm.add-net` | `/schemas/NetConfig` | `/schemas/PciDeviceInfo` | The VM is booted | | Add userspace PCI device to the VM | `/vm.add-user-device` | `/schemas/VmAddUserDevice` | `/schemas/PciDeviceInfo` | The VM is booted | | Add vdpa device to the VM | `/vm.add-vdpa` | `/schemas/VdpaConfig` | `/schemas/PciDeviceInfo` | The VM is booted | | Add vsock device to the VM | `/vm.add-vsock` | `/schemas/VsockConfig` | `/schemas/PciDeviceInfo` | The VM is booted | | Remove device from the VM | `/vm.remove-device` | `/schemas/VmRemoveDevice` | N/A | The VM is booted | | Dump the VM counters | `/vm.counters` | N/A | `/schemas/VmCounters` | The VM is booted | | Inject an NMI | `/vm.nmi` | N/A | N/A | The VM is booted | | Prepare to receive a migration | `/vm.receive-migration` | `/schemas/ReceiveMigrationData` | N/A | N/A | | Start to send migration to target | `/vm.send-migration` | `/schemas/SendMigrationData` | N/A | The VM is booted and (shared mem or hugepages enabled) | * The `vmcoredump` action is available exclusively for the `x86_64` architecture and can be executed only when the `guest_debug` feature is enabled. Without this feature, the corresponding [REST API](#rest-api) or [D-Bus API](#d-bus-api) endpoints are not available. #### REST API Examples For the following set of examples, we assume Cloud Hypervisor is started with the REST API available at `/tmp/cloud-hypervisor.sock`: ``` $ ./target/debug/cloud-hypervisor --api-socket /tmp/cloud-hypervisor.sock Cloud Hypervisor Guest API server: /tmp/cloud-hypervisor.sock vCPUs: 1 Memory: 512 MB Kernel: None Kernel cmdline: Disk(s): None ``` ##### Create a Virtual Machine We want to create a virtual machine with the following characteristics: * 4 vCPUs * 1 GB of RAM * 1 virtio based networking interface * Direct kernel boot from a custom 5.6.0-rc4 Linux kernel located at `/opt/clh/kernel/vmlinux-virtio-fs-virtio-iommu` * Using a Ubuntu image as its root filesystem, located at `/opt/clh/images/focal-server-cloudimg-amd64.raw` ```shell #!/usr/bin/env bash curl --unix-socket /tmp/cloud-hypervisor.sock -i \ -X PUT 'http://localhost/api/v1/vm.create' \ -H 'Accept: application/json' \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -d '{ "cpus":{"boot_vcpus": 4, "max_vcpus": 4}, "payload":{"kernel":"/opt/clh/kernel/vmlinux-virtio-fs-virtio-iommu", "cmdline":"console=ttyS0 console=hvc0 root=/dev/vda1 rw"}, "disks":[{"path":"/opt/clh/images/focal-server-cloudimg-amd64.raw"}], "rng":{"src":"/dev/urandom"}, "net":[{"ip":"192.168.10.10", "mask":"255.255.255.0", "mac":"12:34:56:78:90:01"}] }' ``` ##### Boot a Virtual Machine Once the VM is created, we can boot it: ```shell #!/usr/bin/env bash curl --unix-socket /tmp/cloud-hypervisor.sock -i -X PUT 'http://localhost/api/v1/vm.boot' ``` ##### Dump a Virtual Machine Information We can fetch information about any VM, as soon as it's created: ```shell #!/usr/bin/env bash curl --unix-socket /tmp/cloud-hypervisor.sock -i \ -X GET 'http://localhost/api/v1/vm.info' \ -H 'Accept: application/json' ``` ##### Reboot a Virtual Machine We can reboot a VM that's already booted: ```shell #!/usr/bin/env bash curl --unix-socket /tmp/cloud-hypervisor.sock -i -X PUT 'http://localhost/api/v1/vm.reboot' ``` ##### Shut a Virtual Machine Down Once booted, we can shut a VM down from the REST API: ```shell #!/usr/bin/env bash curl --unix-socket /tmp/cloud-hypervisor.sock -i -X PUT 'http://localhost/api/v1/vm.shutdown' ``` ### D-Bus API Cloud Hypervisor offers a D-Bus API as an alternative to its REST API. This D-Bus API fully reflects the functionality of the REST API, exposing the same group of endpoints. It can be a drop-in replacement since it also consumes/produces JSON. In addition, the D-Bus API also exposes events from `event-monitor` in the form of a D-Bus signal to which users can subscribe. For more information, see [D-Bus API Interface](#d-bus-api-interface). #### D-Bus API Location and availability This feature is not compiled into Cloud Hypervisor by default. Users who wish to use the D-Bus API, must explicitly enable it with the `dbus_api` feature flag when compiling Cloud Hypervisor. ```sh $ ./scripts/dev_cli.sh build --release --libc musl -- --features dbus_api ``` Once this feature is enabled, it can be configured with the following CLI options: ``` --dbus-service-name well known name of the service --dbus-object-path object path to serve the dbus interface --dbus-system-bus use the system bus instead of a session bus ``` Example invocation: ```sh $ ./cloud-hypervisor --dbus-service-name "org.cloudhypervisor.DBusApi" \ --dbus-object-path "/org/cloudhypervisor/DBusApi" ``` This will start serving a service with the name `org.cloudhypervisor.DBusApi1` which in turn can be used to control and manage Cloud Hypervisor. #### D-Bus API Interface Please refer to the [REST API](#rest-api) documentation for everything that is in common with the REST API. As previously mentioned, the D-Bus API can be used as a drop-in replacement for the [REST API](#rest-api). The D-Bus interface also exposes a signal, named `Event`, which is emitted whenever a new event is published from the `event-monitor` crate. Here is its definition in XML format: ```xml ``` ### Command Line Interface The Cloud Hypervisor Command Line Interface (CLI) can only be used for launching the Cloud Hypervisor binary, i.e. it cannot be used for controlling the VMM or the launched VM once they're up and running. If you want to inspect the VMM, or control the VM after launching Cloud Hypervisor from the CLI, you must use either the [REST API](#rest-api) or the [D-Bus API](#d-bus-api). From the CLI, one can: 1. Create and boot a complete virtual machine by using the CLI options to build the VM config. Run `cloud-hypervisor --help` for a complete list of CLI options. As soon as the `cloud-hypervisor` binary is launched, contrary to the [D-Bus API](#d-bus-api), the [REST API](#rest-api) is available for controlling and managing the VM. The [D-Bus API](#d-bus-api) doesn't start automatically and needs to be explicitly configured in order to be run. 1. Start either the REST API, D-Bus API or both simultaneously without passing any VM configuration options. The VM can then be asynchronously created and booted by calling API methods of choice. It should be noted that one external API does not exclude another; it is possible to have both the REST and D-Bus APIs running simultaneously. ### REST API, D-Bus API and CLI Architectural Relationship The REST API, D-Bus API and the CLI all rely on a common, [internal API](#internal-api). The CLI options are parsed by the [clap crate](https://docs.rs/clap/4.3.11/clap/) and then translated into [internal API](#internal-api) commands. The REST API is processed by an HTTP thread using the [Firecracker's `micro_http`](https://github.com/firecracker-microvm/micro-http) crate. As with the CLI, the HTTP requests eventually get translated into [internal API](#internal-api) commands. The D-Bus API is implemented using the [zbus](https://github.com/dbus2/zbus) crate and runs in its own thread. Whenever it needs to call the [internal API](#internal-api), the [blocking](https://github.com/smol-rs/blocking) crate is used perform the call in zbus' async context. As a summary, the REST API, the D-Bus API and the CLI are essentially frontends for the [internal API](#internal-api): ``` +------------------+ REST API | | +--------->+ micro_http +--------+ | | | | | +------------------+ | | | +------------------------+ | | | | +------------+ | +----------+ | | | | | | D-Bus API | | | | +--------------+ | | User +---------+----------->+ zbus +--------------+------> | Internal API | | | | | | | | | +--------------+ | +------------+ | +----------+ | | | | | | | | | +------------------------+ | +----------+ | VMM | CLI | | | +----------->+ clap +--------------+ | | +----------+ ``` ## Internal API The Cloud Hypervisor internal API, as its name suggests, is used internally by the different Cloud Hypervisor threads (VMM, HTTP, D-Bus, control loop, etc) to send commands and responses to each others. It is based on [rust's Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer (MPSC)](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/mpsc/), and the single consumer (a.k.a. the API receiver) is the Cloud Hypervisor control loop. API producers are the HTTP thread handling the [REST API](#rest-api), the D-Bus thread handling the [D-Bus API](#d-bus-api) and the main thread that initially parses the [CLI](#command-line-interface). ### Goals and Design The internal API is designed for controlling, managing and inspecting a Cloud Hypervisor VMM and its guest. It is a backend for handling external, user visible requests through the [REST API](#rest-api), the [D-Bus API](#d-bus-api) or the [CLI](#command-line-interface) interfaces. The API follows a command-response scheme that closely maps the [REST API](#rest-api). Any command must be replied to with a response. Commands are [MPSC](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/mpsc/) based messages and are received and processed by the VMM control loop. In order for the VMM control loop to respond to any internal API command, it must be able to send a response back to the MPSC sender. For that purpose, all internal API command payload carry the [Sender](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/mpsc/struct.Sender.html) end of an [MPSC](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/mpsc/) channel. The sender of any internal API command is therefore responsible for: 1. Creating an [MPSC](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/mpsc/) response channel. 1. Passing the [Sender](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/mpsc/struct.Sender.html) end of the response channel as part of the internal API command payload. 1. Waiting for the internal API command's response on the [Receiver](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/mpsc/struct.Receiver.html) end of the response channel. ## End to End Example In order to further understand how the external and internal Cloud Hypervisor APIs work together, let's look at a complete VM creation flow, from the [REST API](#rest-api) call, to the reply the external user will receive: 1. A user or operator sends an HTTP request to the Cloud Hypervisor [REST API](#rest-api) in order to creates a virtual machine: ``` shell #!/usr/bin/env bash curl --unix-socket /tmp/cloud-hypervisor.sock -i \ -X PUT 'http://localhost/api/v1/vm.create' \ -H 'Accept: application/json' \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -d '{ "cpus":{"boot_vcpus": 4, "max_vcpus": 4}, "payload":{"kernel":"/opt/clh/kernel/vmlinux-virtio-fs-virtio-iommu", "cmdline":"console=ttyS0 console=hvc0 root=/dev/vda1 rw"}, "disks":[{"path":"/opt/clh/images/focal-server-cloudimg-amd64.raw"}], "rng":{"src":"/dev/urandom"}, "net":[{"ip":"192.168.10.10", "mask":"255.255.255.0", "mac":"12:34:56:78:90:01"}] }' ``` 1. The Cloud Hypervisor HTTP thread processes the request and de-serializes the HTTP request JSON body into an internal `VmConfig` structure. 1. The Cloud Hypervisor HTTP thread creates an [MPSC](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/mpsc/) channel for the internal API server to send its response back. 1. The Cloud Hypervisor HTTP thread prepares an internal API command for creating a virtual machine. The command's payload is made of the de-serialized `VmConfig` structure and the response channel: ```Rust VmCreate(Arc>, Sender) ``` 1. The Cloud Hypervisor HTTP thread sends the internal API command, and waits for the response: ```Rust // Send the VM creation request. api_sender .send(ApiRequest::VmCreate(config, response_sender)) .map_err(ApiError::RequestSend)?; api_evt.write(1).map_err(ApiError::EventFdWrite)?; response_receiver.recv().map_err(ApiError::ResponseRecv)??; ``` 1. The Cloud Hypervisor control loop receives the command, as it listens on the internal API [MPSC](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/mpsc/) channel: ```Rust // Read from the API receiver channel let api_request = api_receiver.recv().map_err(Error::ApiRequestRecv)?; ``` 1. The Cloud Hypervisor control loop matches the received internal API against the `VmCreate` payload, and extracts both the `VmConfig` structure and the [Sender](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/mpsc/struct.Sender.html) from the command payload. It stores the `VmConfig` structure and replies back to the sender ((The HTTP thread): ```Rust match api_request { ApiRequest::VmCreate(config, sender) => { // We only store the passed VM config. // The VM will be created when being asked to boot it. let response = if self.vm_config.is_none() { self.vm_config = Some(config); Ok(ApiResponsePayload::Empty) } else { Err(ApiError::VmAlreadyCreated) }; sender.send(response).map_err(Error::ApiResponseSend)?; } ``` 1. The Cloud Hypervisor HTTP thread receives the internal API command response as the return value from its `VmCreate` HTTP handler. Depending on the control loop internal API response, it generates the appropriate HTTP response: ```Rust // Call vm_create() match vm_create(api_notifier, api_sender, Arc::new(Mutex::new(vm_config))) .map_err(HttpError::VmCreate) { Ok(_) => Response::new(Version::Http11, StatusCode::NoContent), Err(e) => error_response(e, StatusCode::InternalServerError), } ``` 1. The Cloud Hypervisor HTTP thread sends the formed HTTP response back to the user. This is abstracted by the [micro_http](https://github.com/firecracker-microvm/micro-http) crate.