// Copyright (c) 2020 Ant Financial
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

use super::Error as DeviceError;
use super::{
    ActivateError, ActivateResult, DescriptorChain, EpollHelper, EpollHelperError,
    EpollHelperHandler, Queue, VirtioCommon, VirtioDevice, VirtioDeviceType,
    EPOLL_HELPER_EVENT_LAST, VIRTIO_F_VERSION_1,
};

use crate::seccomp_filters::{get_seccomp_filter, Thread};
use crate::{VirtioInterrupt, VirtioInterruptType};
use anyhow::anyhow;
use libc::EFD_NONBLOCK;
use seccomp::{SeccompAction, SeccompFilter};
use std::collections::BTreeMap;
use std::io;
use std::mem::size_of;
use std::os::unix::io::{AsRawFd, RawFd};
use std::result;
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU64, Ordering};
use std::sync::mpsc;
use std::sync::{Arc, Barrier, Mutex};
use std::thread;
use vm_device::dma_mapping::ExternalDmaMapping;
use vm_memory::{
    Address, ByteValued, Bytes, GuestAddress, GuestAddressSpace, GuestMemoryAtomic,
    GuestMemoryError, GuestMemoryMmap, GuestMemoryRegion, GuestRegionMmap,
};
use vm_migration::{Migratable, MigratableError, Pausable, Snapshottable, Transportable};
use vmm_sys_util::eventfd::EventFd;

const QUEUE_SIZE: u16 = 128;
const QUEUE_SIZES: &[u16] = &[QUEUE_SIZE];

// 128MiB is the standard memory block size in Linux. A virtio-mem region must
// be aligned on this size, and the region size must be a multiple of it.
pub const VIRTIO_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE: u64 = 128 << 20;
// Use 2 MiB alignment so transparent hugepages can be used by KVM.
const VIRTIO_MEM_DEFAULT_BLOCK_SIZE: u64 = 2 << 20;

// Request processed successfully, applicable for
// - VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_PLUG
// - VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_UNPLUG
// - VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_UNPLUG_ALL
// - VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_STATE
const VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ACK: u16 = 0;

// Request denied - e.g. trying to plug more than requested, applicable for
// - VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_PLUG
const VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_NACK: u16 = 1;

// Request cannot be processed right now, try again later, applicable for
// - VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_PLUG
// - VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_UNPLUG
// - VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_UNPLUG_ALL
#[allow(unused)]
const VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_BUSY: u16 = 2;

// Error in request (e.g. addresses/alignment), applicable for
// - VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_PLUG
// - VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_UNPLUG
// - VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_STATE
const VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ERROR: u16 = 3;

// State of memory blocks is "plugged"
const VIRTIO_MEM_STATE_PLUGGED: u16 = 0;
// State of memory blocks is "unplugged"
const VIRTIO_MEM_STATE_UNPLUGGED: u16 = 1;
// State of memory blocks is "mixed"
const VIRTIO_MEM_STATE_MIXED: u16 = 2;

// request to plug memory blocks
const VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_PLUG: u16 = 0;
// request to unplug memory blocks
const VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_UNPLUG: u16 = 1;
// request to unplug all blocks and shrink the usable size
const VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_UNPLUG_ALL: u16 = 2;
// request information about the plugged state of memory blocks
const VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_STATE: u16 = 3;

// Get resize event.
const RESIZE_EVENT: u16 = EPOLL_HELPER_EVENT_LAST + 1;
// New descriptors are pending on the virtio queue.
const QUEUE_AVAIL_EVENT: u16 = EPOLL_HELPER_EVENT_LAST + 2;

// Virtio features
const VIRTIO_MEM_F_ACPI_PXM: u8 = 0;

#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum Error {
    // Guest gave us bad memory addresses.
    GuestMemory(GuestMemoryError),
    // Guest gave us a write only descriptor that protocol says to read from.
    UnexpectedWriteOnlyDescriptor,
    // Guest gave us a read only descriptor that protocol says to write to.
    UnexpectedReadOnlyDescriptor,
    // Guest gave us too few descriptors in a descriptor chain.
    DescriptorChainTooShort,
    // Guest gave us a buffer that was too short to use.
    BufferLengthTooSmall,
    // Guest sent us invalid request.
    InvalidRequest,
    // Failed to EventFd write.
    EventFdWriteFail(std::io::Error),
    // Failed to EventFd try_clone.
    EventFdTryCloneFail(std::io::Error),
    // Failed to MpscRecv.
    MpscRecvFail(mpsc::RecvError),
    // Resize invalid argument
    ResizeError(anyhow::Error),
    // Fail to resize trigger
    ResizeTriggerFail(DeviceError),
    // Invalid configuration
    ValidateError(anyhow::Error),
    // Failed discarding memory range
    DiscardMemoryRange(std::io::Error),
    // Failed DMA mapping.
    DmaMap(std::io::Error),
    // Failed DMA unmapping.
    DmaUnmap(std::io::Error),
    // Invalid DMA mapping handler
    InvalidDmaMappingHandler,
}

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Default)]
struct VirtioMemReq {
    req_type: u16,
    padding: [u16; 3],
    addr: u64,
    nb_blocks: u16,
    padding_1: [u16; 3],
}

// Safe because it only has data and has no implicit padding.
unsafe impl ByteValued for VirtioMemReq {}

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Default)]
struct VirtioMemResp {
    resp_type: u16,
    padding: [u16; 3],
    state: u16,
}

// Safe because it only has data and has no implicit padding.
unsafe impl ByteValued for VirtioMemResp {}

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Default)]
struct VirtioMemConfig {
    // Block size and alignment. Cannot change.
    block_size: u64,
    // Valid with VIRTIO_MEM_F_ACPI_PXM. Cannot change.
    node_id: u16,
    padding: [u8; 6],
    // Start address of the memory region. Cannot change.
    addr: u64,
    // Region size (maximum). Cannot change.
    region_size: u64,
    // Currently usable region size. Can grow up to region_size. Can
    // shrink due to VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_UNPLUG_ALL (in which case no config
    // update will be sent).
    usable_region_size: u64,
    // Currently used size. Changes due to plug/unplug requests, but no
    // config updates will be sent.
    plugged_size: u64,
    // Requested size. New plug requests cannot exceed it. Can change.
    requested_size: u64,
}

// Safe because it only has data and has no implicit padding.
unsafe impl ByteValued for VirtioMemConfig {}

impl VirtioMemConfig {
    fn validate(&self) -> result::Result<(), Error> {
        if self.addr % self.block_size != 0 {
            return Err(Error::ValidateError(anyhow!(
                "addr 0x{:x} is not aligned on block_size 0x{:x}",
                self.addr,
                self.block_size
            )));
        }
        if self.region_size % self.block_size != 0 {
            return Err(Error::ValidateError(anyhow!(
                "region_size 0x{:x} is not aligned on block_size 0x{:x}",
                self.region_size,
                self.block_size
            )));
        }
        if self.usable_region_size % self.block_size != 0 {
            return Err(Error::ValidateError(anyhow!(
                "usable_region_size 0x{:x} is not aligned on block_size 0x{:x}",
                self.usable_region_size,
                self.block_size
            )));
        }
        if self.plugged_size % self.block_size != 0 {
            return Err(Error::ValidateError(anyhow!(
                "plugged_size 0x{:x} is not aligned on block_size 0x{:x}",
                self.plugged_size,
                self.block_size
            )));
        }
        if self.requested_size % self.block_size != 0 {
            return Err(Error::ValidateError(anyhow!(
                "requested_size 0x{:x} is not aligned on block_size 0x{:x}",
                self.requested_size,
                self.block_size
            )));
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn resize(&mut self, size: u64) -> result::Result<(), Error> {
        if self.requested_size == size {
            return Err(Error::ResizeError(anyhow!(
                "new size 0x{:x} and requested_size are identical",
                size
            )));
        } else if size > self.region_size {
            return Err(Error::ResizeError(anyhow!(
                "new size 0x{:x} is bigger than region_size 0x{:x}",
                size,
                self.region_size
            )));
        } else if size % (self.block_size as u64) != 0 {
            return Err(Error::ResizeError(anyhow!(
                "new size 0x{:x} is not aligned on block_size 0x{:x}",
                size,
                self.block_size
            )));
        }

        self.requested_size = size;

        Ok(())
    }

    fn is_valid_range(&self, addr: u64, size: u64) -> bool {
        // Start address must be aligned on block_size, the size must be
        // greater than 0, and all blocks covered by the request must be
        // in the usable region.
        if addr % self.block_size != 0
            || size == 0
            || (addr < self.addr || addr + size >= self.addr + self.usable_region_size)
        {
            return false;
        }

        true
    }
}

struct Request {
    req: VirtioMemReq,
    status_addr: GuestAddress,
}

impl Request {
    fn parse(
        avail_desc: &DescriptorChain,
        mem: &GuestMemoryMmap,
    ) -> result::Result<Request, Error> {
        // The head contains the request type which MUST be readable.
        if avail_desc.is_write_only() {
            return Err(Error::UnexpectedWriteOnlyDescriptor);
        }
        if avail_desc.len as usize != size_of::<VirtioMemReq>() {
            return Err(Error::InvalidRequest);
        }
        let req: VirtioMemReq = mem.read_obj(avail_desc.addr).map_err(Error::GuestMemory)?;

        let status_desc = avail_desc
            .next_descriptor()
            .ok_or(Error::DescriptorChainTooShort)?;

        // The status MUST always be writable
        if !status_desc.is_write_only() {
            return Err(Error::UnexpectedReadOnlyDescriptor);
        }

        if (status_desc.len as usize) < size_of::<VirtioMemResp>() {
            return Err(Error::BufferLengthTooSmall);
        }

        Ok(Request {
            req,
            status_addr: status_desc.addr,
        })
    }

    fn send_response(&self, mem: &GuestMemoryMmap, resp_type: u16, state: u16) -> u32 {
        let resp = VirtioMemResp {
            resp_type,
            state,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        match mem.write_obj(resp, self.status_addr) {
            Ok(_) => size_of::<VirtioMemResp>() as u32,
            Err(e) => {
                error!("bad guest memory address: {}", e);
                0
            }
        }
    }
}

pub struct ResizeSender {
    size: Arc<AtomicU64>,
    tx: mpsc::Sender<Result<(), Error>>,
    evt: EventFd,
}

impl ResizeSender {
    fn size(&self) -> u64 {
        self.size.load(Ordering::Acquire)
    }

    fn send(&self, r: Result<(), Error>) -> Result<(), mpsc::SendError<Result<(), Error>>> {
        self.tx.send(r)
    }
}

impl Clone for ResizeSender {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        ResizeSender {
            size: self.size.clone(),
            tx: self.tx.clone(),
            evt: self
                .evt
                .try_clone()
                .expect("Failed cloning EventFd from ResizeSender"),
        }
    }
}

pub struct Resize {
    size: Arc<AtomicU64>,
    tx: mpsc::Sender<Result<(), Error>>,
    rx: mpsc::Receiver<Result<(), Error>>,
    evt: EventFd,
}

impl Resize {
    pub fn new() -> io::Result<Self> {
        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();

        Ok(Resize {
            size: Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0)),
            tx,
            rx,
            evt: EventFd::new(EFD_NONBLOCK)?,
        })
    }

    pub fn new_resize_sender(&self) -> Result<ResizeSender, Error> {
        Ok(ResizeSender {
            size: self.size.clone(),
            tx: self.tx.clone(),
            evt: self.evt.try_clone().map_err(Error::EventFdTryCloneFail)?,
        })
    }

    pub fn work(&self, size: u64) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.size.store(size, Ordering::Release);
        self.evt.write(1).map_err(Error::EventFdWriteFail)?;
        self.rx.recv().map_err(Error::MpscRecvFail)?
    }
}

struct BlocksState(Vec<bool>);

impl BlocksState {
    fn is_range_state(&self, first_block_index: usize, nb_blocks: u16, plug: bool) -> bool {
        for state in self
            .0
            .iter()
            .skip(first_block_index)
            .take(nb_blocks as usize)
        {
            if *state != plug {
                return false;
            }
        }
        true
    }

    fn set_range(&mut self, first_block_index: usize, nb_blocks: u16, plug: bool) {
        for state in self
            .0
            .iter_mut()
            .skip(first_block_index)
            .take(nb_blocks as usize)
        {
            *state = plug;
        }
    }

    fn inner(&self) -> &Vec<bool> {
        &self.0
    }
}

struct MemEpollHandler {
    host_addr: u64,
    host_fd: Option<RawFd>,
    blocks_state: Arc<Mutex<BlocksState>>,
    config: Arc<Mutex<VirtioMemConfig>>,
    resize: ResizeSender,
    queue: Queue,
    mem: GuestMemoryAtomic<GuestMemoryMmap>,
    interrupt_cb: Arc<dyn VirtioInterrupt>,
    queue_evt: EventFd,
    kill_evt: EventFd,
    pause_evt: EventFd,
    hugepages: bool,
    dma_mapping_handlers: Arc<Mutex<BTreeMap<u32, Arc<dyn ExternalDmaMapping>>>>,
}

impl MemEpollHandler {
    fn discard_memory_range(&self, offset: u64, size: u64) -> Result<(), Error> {
        // Use fallocate if the memory region is backed by a file.
        if let Some(fd) = self.host_fd {
            let res = unsafe {
                libc::fallocate64(
                    fd,
                    libc::FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE | libc::FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE,
                    offset as libc::off64_t,
                    size as libc::off64_t,
                )
            };
            if res != 0 {
                let err = io::Error::last_os_error();
                error!("Deallocating file space failed: {}", err);
                return Err(Error::DiscardMemoryRange(err));
            }
        }

        // Only use madvise if the memory region is not allocated with
        // hugepages.
        if !self.hugepages {
            let res = unsafe {
                libc::madvise(
                    (self.host_addr + offset) as *mut libc::c_void,
                    size as libc::size_t,
                    libc::MADV_DONTNEED,
                )
            };
            if res != 0 {
                let err = io::Error::last_os_error();
                error!("Advising kernel about pages range failed: {}", err);
                return Err(Error::DiscardMemoryRange(err));
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn state_change_request(&mut self, addr: u64, nb_blocks: u16, plug: bool) -> u16 {
        let mut config = self.config.lock().unwrap();
        let size: u64 = nb_blocks as u64 * config.block_size;

        if plug && (config.plugged_size + size > config.requested_size) {
            return VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_NACK;
        }
        if !config.is_valid_range(addr, size) {
            return VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ERROR;
        }

        let offset = addr - config.addr;

        let first_block_index = (offset / config.block_size) as usize;
        if !self
            .blocks_state
            .lock()
            .unwrap()
            .is_range_state(first_block_index, nb_blocks, !plug)
        {
            return VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ERROR;
        }

        if !plug {
            if let Err(e) = self.discard_memory_range(offset, size) {
                error!("failed discarding memory range: {:?}", e);
                return VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ERROR;
            }
        }

        self.blocks_state
            .lock()
            .unwrap()
            .set_range(first_block_index, nb_blocks, plug);

        if plug {
            let handlers = self.dma_mapping_handlers.lock().unwrap();
            let mut gpa = addr;
            for _ in 0..nb_blocks {
                for (_, handler) in handlers.iter() {
                    if let Err(e) = handler.map(gpa, gpa, config.block_size) {
                        error!(
                            "failed DMA mapping addr 0x{:x} size 0x{:x}: {}",
                            gpa, config.block_size, e
                        );
                        return VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ERROR;
                    }
                }

                gpa += config.block_size;
            }

            config.plugged_size += size;
        } else {
            let handlers = self.dma_mapping_handlers.lock().unwrap();
            for (_, handler) in handlers.iter() {
                if let Err(e) = handler.unmap(addr, size) {
                    error!(
                        "failed DMA unmapping addr 0x{:x} size 0x{:x}: {}",
                        addr, size, e
                    );
                    return VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ERROR;
                }
            }

            config.plugged_size -= size;
        }

        VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ACK
    }

    fn unplug_all(&mut self) -> u16 {
        let mut config = self.config.lock().unwrap();
        if let Err(e) = self.discard_memory_range(0, config.region_size) {
            error!("failed discarding memory range: {:?}", e);
            return VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ERROR;
        }

        // Remaining plugged blocks are unmapped.
        if config.plugged_size > 0 {
            let handlers = self.dma_mapping_handlers.lock().unwrap();
            for (idx, plugged) in self.blocks_state.lock().unwrap().inner().iter().enumerate() {
                if *plugged {
                    let gpa = config.addr + (idx as u64 * config.block_size);
                    for (_, handler) in handlers.iter() {
                        if let Err(e) = handler.unmap(gpa, config.block_size) {
                            error!(
                                "failed DMA unmapping addr 0x{:x} size 0x{:x}: {}",
                                gpa, config.block_size, e
                            );
                            return VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ERROR;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        self.blocks_state.lock().unwrap().set_range(
            0,
            (config.region_size / config.block_size) as u16,
            false,
        );

        config.plugged_size = 0;

        VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ACK
    }

    fn state_request(&self, addr: u64, nb_blocks: u16) -> (u16, u16) {
        let config = self.config.lock().unwrap();
        let size: u64 = nb_blocks as u64 * config.block_size;

        let resp_type = if config.is_valid_range(addr, size) {
            VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ACK
        } else {
            VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ERROR
        };

        let offset = addr - config.addr;
        let first_block_index = (offset / config.block_size) as usize;
        let resp_state =
            if self
                .blocks_state
                .lock()
                .unwrap()
                .is_range_state(first_block_index, nb_blocks, true)
            {
                VIRTIO_MEM_STATE_PLUGGED
            } else if self.blocks_state.lock().unwrap().is_range_state(
                first_block_index,
                nb_blocks,
                false,
            ) {
                VIRTIO_MEM_STATE_UNPLUGGED
            } else {
                VIRTIO_MEM_STATE_MIXED
            };

        (resp_type, resp_state)
    }

    fn signal(&self, int_type: &VirtioInterruptType) -> result::Result<(), DeviceError> {
        self.interrupt_cb
            .trigger(int_type, Some(&self.queue))
            .map_err(|e| {
                error!("Failed to signal used queue: {:?}", e);
                DeviceError::FailedSignalingUsedQueue(e)
            })
    }

    fn process_queue(&mut self) -> bool {
        let mut request_list = Vec::new();
        let mut used_count = 0;
        let mem = self.mem.memory();
        for avail_desc in self.queue.iter(&mem) {
            request_list.push((avail_desc.index, Request::parse(&avail_desc, &mem)));
        }

        for (desc_index, request) in request_list.iter() {
            let len = match request {
                Err(e) => {
                    error!("failed parse VirtioMemReq: {:?}", e);
                    0
                }
                Ok(r) => match r.req.req_type {
                    VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_PLUG => {
                        let resp_type =
                            self.state_change_request(r.req.addr, r.req.nb_blocks, true);
                        r.send_response(&mem, resp_type, 0u16)
                    }
                    VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_UNPLUG => {
                        let resp_type =
                            self.state_change_request(r.req.addr, r.req.nb_blocks, false);
                        r.send_response(&mem, resp_type, 0u16)
                    }
                    VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_UNPLUG_ALL => {
                        let resp_type = self.unplug_all();
                        r.send_response(&mem, resp_type, 0u16)
                    }
                    VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_STATE => {
                        let (resp_type, resp_state) =
                            self.state_request(r.req.addr, r.req.nb_blocks);
                        r.send_response(&mem, resp_type, resp_state)
                    }
                    _ => {
                        error!("VirtioMemReq unknown request type {:?}", r.req.req_type);
                        0
                    }
                },
            };

            self.queue.add_used(&mem, *desc_index, len);

            used_count += 1;
        }

        used_count > 0
    }

    fn run(
        &mut self,
        paused: Arc<AtomicBool>,
        paused_sync: Arc<Barrier>,
    ) -> result::Result<(), EpollHelperError> {
        let mut helper = EpollHelper::new(&self.kill_evt, &self.pause_evt)?;
        helper.add_event(self.resize.evt.as_raw_fd(), RESIZE_EVENT)?;
        helper.add_event(self.queue_evt.as_raw_fd(), QUEUE_AVAIL_EVENT)?;
        helper.run(paused, paused_sync, self)?;

        Ok(())
    }
}

impl EpollHelperHandler for MemEpollHandler {
    fn handle_event(&mut self, _helper: &mut EpollHelper, event: &epoll::Event) -> bool {
        let ev_type = event.data as u16;
        match ev_type {
            RESIZE_EVENT => {
                if let Err(e) = self.resize.evt.read() {
                    error!("Failed to get resize event: {:?}", e);
                    return true;
                } else {
                    let size = self.resize.size();
                    let mut config = self.config.lock().unwrap();
                    let mut signal_error = false;
                    let mut r = config.resize(size);
                    r = match r {
                        Err(e) => Err(e),
                        _ => match self.signal(&VirtioInterruptType::Config) {
                            Err(e) => {
                                signal_error = true;
                                Err(Error::ResizeTriggerFail(e))
                            }
                            _ => Ok(()),
                        },
                    };
                    if let Err(e) = self.resize.send(r) {
                        error!("Sending \"resize\" response: {:?}", e);
                        return true;
                    }
                    if signal_error {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
            QUEUE_AVAIL_EVENT => {
                if let Err(e) = self.queue_evt.read() {
                    error!("Failed to get queue event: {:?}", e);
                    return true;
                } else if self.process_queue() {
                    if let Err(e) = self.signal(&VirtioInterruptType::Queue) {
                        error!("Failed to signal used queue: {:?}", e);
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
            _ => {
                error!("Unexpected event: {}", ev_type);
                return true;
            }
        }
        false
    }
}

// Virtio device for exposing entropy to the guest OS through virtio.
pub struct Mem {
    common: VirtioCommon,
    id: String,
    resize: ResizeSender,
    host_addr: u64,
    host_fd: Option<RawFd>,
    config: Arc<Mutex<VirtioMemConfig>>,
    seccomp_action: SeccompAction,
    hugepages: bool,
    dma_mapping_handlers: Arc<Mutex<BTreeMap<u32, Arc<dyn ExternalDmaMapping>>>>,
    blocks_state: Arc<Mutex<BlocksState>>,
}

impl Mem {
    // Create a new virtio-mem device.
    pub fn new(
        id: String,
        region: &Arc<GuestRegionMmap>,
        resize: ResizeSender,
        seccomp_action: SeccompAction,
        numa_node_id: Option<u16>,
        initial_size: u64,
        hugepages: bool,
    ) -> io::Result<Mem> {
        let region_len = region.len();

        if region_len != region_len / VIRTIO_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE * VIRTIO_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE {
            return Err(io::Error::new(
                io::ErrorKind::Other,
                format!(
                    "Virtio-mem size is not aligned with {}",
                    VIRTIO_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE
                ),
            ));
        }

        let mut avail_features = 1u64 << VIRTIO_F_VERSION_1;

        let mut config = VirtioMemConfig {
            block_size: VIRTIO_MEM_DEFAULT_BLOCK_SIZE,
            addr: region.start_addr().raw_value(),
            region_size: region.len(),
            usable_region_size: region.len(),
            plugged_size: 0,
            requested_size: 0,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        if initial_size != 0 {
            config.resize(initial_size).map_err(|e| {
                io::Error::new(
                    io::ErrorKind::Other,
                    format!(
                        "Failed to resize virtio-mem configuration to {}: {:?}",
                        initial_size, e
                    ),
                )
            })?;
        }

        if let Some(node_id) = numa_node_id {
            avail_features |= 1u64 << VIRTIO_MEM_F_ACPI_PXM;
            config.node_id = node_id;
        }

        // Make sure the virtio-mem configuration complies with the
        // specification.
        config.validate().map_err(|e| {
            io::Error::new(
                io::ErrorKind::Other,
                format!("Invalid virtio-mem configuration: {:?}", e),
            )
        })?;

        let host_fd = region
            .file_offset()
            .map(|f_offset| f_offset.file().as_raw_fd());

        Ok(Mem {
            common: VirtioCommon {
                device_type: VirtioDeviceType::TYPE_MEM as u32,
                avail_features,
                paused_sync: Some(Arc::new(Barrier::new(2))),
                queue_sizes: QUEUE_SIZES.to_vec(),
                min_queues: 1,
                ..Default::default()
            },
            id,
            resize,
            host_addr: region.as_ptr() as u64,
            host_fd,
            config: Arc::new(Mutex::new(config)),
            seccomp_action,
            hugepages,
            dma_mapping_handlers: Arc::new(Mutex::new(BTreeMap::new())),
            blocks_state: Arc::new(Mutex::new(BlocksState(vec![
                false;
                (config.region_size / config.block_size)
                    as usize
            ]))),
        })
    }

    pub fn add_dma_mapping_handler(
        &mut self,
        device_id: u32,
        handler: Arc<dyn ExternalDmaMapping>,
    ) -> result::Result<(), Error> {
        let config = self.config.lock().unwrap();

        if config.plugged_size > 0 {
            for (idx, plugged) in self.blocks_state.lock().unwrap().inner().iter().enumerate() {
                if *plugged {
                    let gpa = config.addr + (idx as u64 * config.block_size);
                    handler
                        .map(gpa, gpa, config.block_size)
                        .map_err(Error::DmaMap)?;
                }
            }
        }

        self.dma_mapping_handlers
            .lock()
            .unwrap()
            .insert(device_id, handler);

        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn remove_dma_mapping_handler(&mut self, device_id: u32) -> result::Result<(), Error> {
        let handler = self
            .dma_mapping_handlers
            .lock()
            .unwrap()
            .remove(&device_id)
            .ok_or(Error::InvalidDmaMappingHandler)?;

        let config = self.config.lock().unwrap();

        if config.plugged_size > 0 {
            for (idx, plugged) in self.blocks_state.lock().unwrap().inner().iter().enumerate() {
                if *plugged {
                    let gpa = config.addr + (idx as u64 * config.block_size);
                    handler
                        .unmap(gpa, config.block_size)
                        .map_err(Error::DmaUnmap)?;
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }
}

impl Drop for Mem {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if let Some(kill_evt) = self.common.kill_evt.take() {
            // Ignore the result because there is nothing we can do about it.
            let _ = kill_evt.write(1);
        }
    }
}

impl VirtioDevice for Mem {
    fn device_type(&self) -> u32 {
        self.common.device_type
    }

    fn queue_max_sizes(&self) -> &[u16] {
        &self.common.queue_sizes
    }

    fn features(&self) -> u64 {
        self.common.avail_features
    }

    fn ack_features(&mut self, value: u64) {
        self.common.ack_features(value)
    }

    fn read_config(&self, offset: u64, data: &mut [u8]) {
        self.read_config_from_slice(self.config.lock().unwrap().as_slice(), offset, data);
    }

    fn activate(
        &mut self,
        mem: GuestMemoryAtomic<GuestMemoryMmap>,
        interrupt_cb: Arc<dyn VirtioInterrupt>,
        mut queues: Vec<Queue>,
        mut queue_evts: Vec<EventFd>,
    ) -> ActivateResult {
        self.common.activate(&queues, &queue_evts, &interrupt_cb)?;
        let kill_evt = self
            .common
            .kill_evt
            .as_ref()
            .unwrap()
            .try_clone()
            .map_err(|e| {
                error!("failed to clone kill_evt eventfd: {}", e);
                ActivateError::BadActivate
            })?;
        let pause_evt = self
            .common
            .pause_evt
            .as_ref()
            .unwrap()
            .try_clone()
            .map_err(|e| {
                error!("failed to clone pause_evt eventfd: {}", e);
                ActivateError::BadActivate
            })?;

        let config = self.config.lock().unwrap();
        let mut handler = MemEpollHandler {
            host_addr: self.host_addr,
            host_fd: self.host_fd,
            blocks_state: Arc::clone(&self.blocks_state),
            config: self.config.clone(),
            resize: self.resize.clone(),
            queue: queues.remove(0),
            mem,
            interrupt_cb,
            queue_evt: queue_evts.remove(0),
            kill_evt,
            pause_evt,
            hugepages: self.hugepages,
            dma_mapping_handlers: Arc::clone(&self.dma_mapping_handlers),
        };

        handler
            .discard_memory_range(0, config.region_size)
            .map_err(|e| {
                error!("failed discarding memory range: {:?}", e);
                ActivateError::BadActivate
            })?;

        let paused = self.common.paused.clone();
        let paused_sync = self.common.paused_sync.clone();
        let mut epoll_threads = Vec::new();
        // Retrieve seccomp filter for virtio_mem thread
        let virtio_mem_seccomp_filter = get_seccomp_filter(&self.seccomp_action, Thread::VirtioMem)
            .map_err(ActivateError::CreateSeccompFilter)?;
        thread::Builder::new()
            .name(self.id.clone())
            .spawn(move || {
                if let Err(e) = SeccompFilter::apply(virtio_mem_seccomp_filter) {
                    error!("Error applying seccomp filter: {:?}", e);
                } else if let Err(e) = handler.run(paused, paused_sync.unwrap()) {
                    error!("Error running worker: {:?}", e);
                }
            })
            .map(|thread| epoll_threads.push(thread))
            .map_err(|e| {
                error!("failed to clone virtio-mem epoll thread: {}", e);
                ActivateError::BadActivate
            })?;
        self.common.epoll_threads = Some(epoll_threads);

        event!("virtio-device", "activated", "id", &self.id);
        Ok(())
    }

    fn reset(&mut self) -> Option<Arc<dyn VirtioInterrupt>> {
        let result = self.common.reset();
        event!("virtio-device", "reset", "id", &self.id);
        result
    }
}

impl Pausable for Mem {
    fn pause(&mut self) -> result::Result<(), MigratableError> {
        self.common.pause()
    }

    fn resume(&mut self) -> result::Result<(), MigratableError> {
        self.common.resume()
    }
}

impl Snapshottable for Mem {
    fn id(&self) -> String {
        self.id.clone()
    }
}
impl Transportable for Mem {}
impl Migratable for Mem {}