This section describes the XML format used to represent domains, there are variations on the format based on the kind of domains run and the options used to launch them. For hypervisor specific details consult the driver docs
The root element required for all virtual machines is
named domain. It has two attributes, the
type specifies the hypervisor used for running
the domain. The allowed values are driver specific, but
include "xen", "kvm", "qemu", "lxc" and "kqemu". The
second attribute is id which is a unique
integer identifier for the running guest machine. Inactive
machines have no id value.
<domain type='xen' id='3'>
<name>fv0</name>
<uuid>4dea22b31d52d8f32516782e98ab3fa0</uuid>
...
namename element provides
a short name for the virtual machine. This name should
consist only of alpha-numeric characters and is required
to be unique within the scope of a single host. It is
often used to form the filename for storing the persistent
configuration file. Since 0.0.1uuiduuid element provides
a globally unique identifier for the virtual machine.
The format must be RFC 4122 compliant, eg 3e3fce45-4f53-4fa7-bb32-11f34168b82b.
If omitted when defining/creating a new machine, a random
UUID is generated. Since 0.0.1There are a number of different ways to boot virtual machines each with their own pros and cons.
Booting via the BIOS is available for hypervisors supporting full virtualization. In this case the BIOS has a boot order priority (floppy, harddisk, cdrom, network) determining where to obtain/find the boot image.
...
<os>
<type>hvm</type>
<loader>/usr/lib/xen/boot/hvmloader</loader>
<boot dev='hd'/>
</os>
...
typetype element specifies the
type of operating system to be booted in the virtual machine.
hvm indicates that the OS is one designed to run
on bare metal, so requires full virtualization. linux
(badly named!) refers to an OS that supports the Xen 3 hypervisor
guest ABI. There are also two optional attributes, arch
specifying the CPU architecture to virtualization, and machine
referring to the machine type. The Capabilities XML
provides details on allowed values for these. Since 0.0.1loaderloader tag refers to a firmware blob
used to assist the domain creation process. At this time, it is
only needed by Xen fully virtualized domains. Since 0.1.0bootdev attribute takes one of the values "fd", "hd",
"cdrom" or "network" and is used to specify the next boot device
to consider. The boot element can be repeated multiple
times to setup a priority list of boot devices to try in turn.
Since 0.1.3
Hypervisors employing paravirtualization do not usually emulate
a BIOS, and instead the host is responsible to kicking off the
operating system boot. This may use a pseudo-bootloader in the
host to provide an interface to choose a kernel for the guest.
An example is pygrub with Xen.
...
<bootloader>/usr/bin/pygrub</bootloader>
<bootloader_args>--append single</bootloader_args>
...
bootloaderbootloader element provides
a fully qualified path to the bootloader executable in the
host OS. This bootloader will be run to choose which kernel
to boot. The required output of the bootloader is dependent
on the hypervisor in use. Since 0.1.0bootloader_argsbootloader_args element allows
command line arguments to be passed to the bootloader.
Since 0.2.3
When installing a new guest OS it is often useful to boot directly from a kernel and initrd stored in the host OS, allowing command line arguments to be passed directly to the installer. This capability is usually available for both para and full virtualized guests.
...
<os>
<type>hvm</type>
<loader>/usr/lib/xen/boot/hvmloader</loader>
<kernel>/root/f8-i386-vmlinuz</kernel>
<initrd>/root/f8-i386-initrd</initrd>
<cmdline>console=ttyS0 ks=http://example.com/f8-i386/os/</cmdline>
</os>
...
typeloaderkernelinitrdcmdline
...
<memory>524288</memory>
<currentMemory>524288</currentMemory>
<memoryBacking>
<hugepages/>
</memoryBacking>
<vcpu>1</vcpu>
...
memorycurrentMemorymemory elementmemoryBackingmemoryBacking element, may have an
hugepages element set within it. This tells the
hypervisor that the guest should have its memory allocated using
hugepages instead of the normal native page size.vcpuIt is sometimes necessary to override the default actions taken when a guest OS triggers a lifecycle operation. The following collections of elements allow the actions to be specified. A common use case is to force a reboot to be treated as a poweroff when doing the initial OS installation. This allows the VM to be re-configured for the first post-install bootup.
...
<on_poweroff>destroy</on_poweroff>
<on_reboot>restart</on_reboot>
<on_crash>restart</on_crash>
...
on_poweroffon_rebooton_crashEach of these states allow for the same four possible actions.
destroyrestartpreserverename-restartHypervisors may allow certain CPU / machine features to be toggled on/off.
...
<features>
<pae/>
<acpi/>
<apic/>
</features>
...
All features are listed within the features
element, omitting a togglable feature tag turns it off.
The available features can be found by asking
for the capabilities XML,
but a common set for fully virtualized domains are:
paeacpiThe guest clock is typically initialized from the host clock. Most operating systems expect the hardware clock to be kept in UTC, and this is the default. Windows, however, expects it to be in so called 'localtime'.
...
<clock offset="localtime"/>
...
clocksync attribute takes either "utc" or
"localtime" to specify how the guest clock is initialized
in relation to the host OS.
The final set of XML elements are all used to describe devices
provided to the guest domain. All devices occur as children
of the main devices element.
Since 0.1.3
...
<devices>
<emulator>/usr/lib/xen/bin/qemu-dm</emulator>
...
emulatoremulator element specify
the fully qualified path to the device model emulator binary.
The capabilities XML specifies
the recommended default emulator to use for each particular
domain type / architecture combination.
Any device that looks like a disk, be it a floppy, harddisk,
cdrom, or paravirtualized driver is specified via the disk
element.
...
<disk type='file'>
<driver name="tap" type="aio">
<source file='/var/lib/xen/images/fv0'/>
<target dev='hda' bus='ide'/>
<encryption type='...'>
...
</encryption>
</disk>
...
diskdisk element is the main container for describing
disks. The type attribute is either "file" or "block"
and refers to the underlying source for the disk. The optional
device attribute indicates how the disk is to be exposed
to the guest OS. Possible values for this attribute are "floppy", "disk"
and "cdrom", defaulting to "disk".
Since 0.0.3; "device" attribute since 0.1.4sourcetype is "file", then the file attribute
specifies the fully-qualified path to the file holding the disk. If the disk
type is "block", then the dev attribute specifies
the path to the host device to serve as the disk. Since 0.0.3targettarget element controls the bus / device under which the
disk is exposed to the guest OS. The dev attribute indicates
the "logical" device name. The actual device name specified is not guaranteed to map to
the device name in the guest OS. Treat it as a device ordering hint.
The optional bus attribute specifies the type of disk device
to emulate; possible values are driver specific, with typical values being
"ide", "scsi", "virtio", "xen" or "usb". If omitted, the bus type is
inferred from the style of the device name. eg, a device named 'sda'
will typically be exported using a SCSI bus.
Since 0.0.3; bus attribute since 0.4.3;
"usb" attribute value since after 0.4.4driverdriver element allows them to be selected. The name
attribute is the primary backend driver name, while the optional type
attribute provides the sub-type. Since 0.1.8
encryption
USB and PCI devices attached to the host can be passed through to the guest using
the hostdev element. since after
0.4.4 for USB and 0.6.0 for PCI (KVM only):
...
<hostdev mode='subsystem' type='usb'>
<source>
<vendor id='0x1234'/>
<product id='0xbeef'/>
</source>
</hostdev>
...
or:
...
<hostdev mode='subsystem' type='pci'>
<source>
<address bus='0x06' slot='0x02' function='0x0'/>
</source>
</hostdev>
...
hostdevhostdev element is the main container for describing
host devices. For usb device passthrough mode is always
"subsystem" and type is "usb" for an USB device and "pci"
for a PCI device..
sourcevendor and product elements or by the device's
address on the hosts using the address element.
PCI devices on the other hand can only be described by their
addressvendor, productvendor and product elements each have an
id attribute that specifies the USB vendor and product id.
The ids can be given in decimal, hexadecimal (starting with 0x) or
octal (starting with 0) form.addressaddress element for USB devices has a
bus and device attribute to specify the
USB bus and device number the device appears at on the host.
The values of these attributes can be given in decimal, hexadecimal
(starting with 0x) or octal (starting with 0) form.
For PCI devices the element carries 3 attributes allowing to designate
the device as can be found with the lspci or
with virsh nodedev-list. The
bus attribute allows the hexadecimal values 0 to ff, the
slot attribute allows the hexadecimal values 0 to 1f, and
the function attribute allows the hexadecimal values 0 to
7. There is also an optional domain attribute for the
PCI domain, with hexadecimal values 0 to ffff, but it is currently
not used by qemu.
...
<interface type='bridge'>
<source bridge='xenbr0'/>
<mac address='00:16:3e:5d:c7:9e'/>
<script path='vif-bridge'/>
</interface>
...
This is the recommended config for general guest connectivity on hosts with dynamic / wireless networking configs
Provides a virtual network using a bridge device in the host.
Depending on the virtual network configuration, the network may be
totally isolated, NAT'ing to an explicit network device, or NAT'ing to
the default route. DHCP and DNS are provided on the virtual network in
all cases and the IP range can be determined by examining the virtual
network config with 'virsh net-dumpxml [networkname]'.
There is one virtual network called 'default' setup out
of the box which does NAT'ing to the default route and has an IP range of
192.168.22.0/255.255.255.0. Each guest will have an
associated tun device created with a name of vnetN, which can also be
overridden with the <target> element.
...
<interface type='network'>
<source network='default'/>
</interface>
...
<interface type='network'>
<source network='default'/>
<target dev='vnet7'/>
<mac address="11:22:33:44:55:66"/>
</interface>
...
This is the recommended config for general guest connectivity on hosts with static wired networking configs
Provides a bridge from the VM directly onto the LAN. This assumes there is a bridge device on the host which has one or more of the hosts physical NICs enslaved. The guest VM will have an associated tun device created with a name of vnetN, which can also be overridden with the <target> element. The tun device will be enslaved to the bridge. The IP range / network configuration is whatever is used on the LAN. This provides the guest VM full incoming & outgoing net access just like a physical machine.
...
<interface type='bridge'>
<source bridge='br0'/>
</interface>
<interface type='bridge'>
<source bridge='br0'/>
<target dev='vnet7'/>
<mac address="11:22:33:44:55:66"/>
</interface>
...
Provides a virtual LAN with NAT to the outside world. The virtual
network has DHCP & DNS services and will give the guest VM addresses
starting from 10.0.2.15. The default router will be
10.0.2.2 and the DNS server will be 10.0.2.3.
This networking is the only option for unprivileged users who need their
VMs to have outgoing access.
...
<interface type='user'/>
...
<interface type='user'>
<mac address="11:22:33:44:55:66"/>
</interface>
...
Provides a means for the administrator to execute an arbitrary script to connect the guest's network to the LAN. The guest will have a tun device created with a name of vnetN, which can also be overridden with the <target> element. After creating the tun device a shell script will be run which is expected to do whatever host network integration is required. By default this script is called /etc/qemu-ifup but can be overridden.
...
<interface type='ethernet'/>
...
<interface type='ethernet'>
<target dev='vnet7'/>
<script path='/etc/qemu-ifup-mynet'/>
</interface>
...
A multicast group is setup to represent a virtual network. Any VMs whose network devices are in the same multicast group can talk to each other even across hosts. This mode is also available to unprivileged users. There is no default DNS or DHCP support and no outgoing network access. To provide outgoing network access, one of the VMs should have a 2nd NIC which is connected to one of the first 4 network types and do the appropriate routing. The multicast protocol is compatible with that used by user mode linux guests too. The source address used must be from the multicast address block.
...
<interface type='mcast'>
<source address='230.0.0.1' port='5558'/>
</interface>
...
A TCP client/server architecture provides a virtual network. One VM provides the server end of the network, all other VMS are configured as clients. All network traffic is routed between the VMs via the server. This mode is also available to unprivileged users. There is no default DNS or DHCP support and no outgoing network access. To provide outgoing network access, one of the VMs should have a 2nd NIC which is connected to one of the first 4 network types and do the appropriate routing.
...
<interface type='server'>
<source address='192.168.0.1' port='5558'/>
</interface>
...
<interface type='client'>
<source address='192.168.0.1' port='5558'/>
</interface>
...
...
<interface type='network'>
<source network='default'/>
<target dev='vnet1'/>
<model type='ne2k_pci'/>
</interface>
...
For hypervisors which support this, you can set the model of emulated network interface card.
The values for type aren't defined specifically by
libvirt, but by what the underlying hypervisor supports (if
any). For QEMU and KVM you can get a list of supported models
with these commands:
qemu -net nic,model=? /dev/null qemu-kvm -net nic,model=? /dev/null
Typical values for QEMU and KVM include: ne2k_isa i82551 i82557b i82559er ne2k_pci pcnet rtl8139 e1000 virtio
Input devices allow interaction with the graphical framebuffer in the guest virtual machine. When enabling the framebuffer, an input device is automatically provided. It may be possible to add additional devices explicitly, for example, to provide a graphics tablet for absolute cursor movement.
...
<input type='mouse' bus='usb'/>
...
inputinput element has one mandatory attribute, the type
whose value can be either 'mouse' or 'tablet'. The latter provides absolute
cursor movement, while the former uses relative movement. The optional
bus attribute can be used to refine the exact device type.
It takes values "xen" (paravirtualized), "ps2" and "usb".A graphics device allows for graphical interaction with the guest OS. A guest will typically have either a framebuffer or a text console configured to allow interaction with the admin.
...
<graphics type='sdl' display=':0.0'/>
<graphics type='vnc' port='5904'/>
<graphics type='rdp' autoport='yes' multiUser='yes' />
<graphics type='desktop' fullscreen='yes'/>
...
graphicsgraphics element has a mandatory type
attribute which takes the value "sdl", "vnc", "rdp" or "desktop":
"sdl"display attribute for the display to use, an xauth
attribute for the authentication identifier, and an optional fullscreen
attribute accepting values 'yes' or 'no'.
"vnc"port attribute specifies the TCP
port number (with -1 as legacy syntax indicating that it should be
auto-allocated). The autoport attribute is the new
preferred syntax for indicating autoallocation of the TCP port to use.
The listen attribute is an IP address for the server to
listen on. The passwd attribute provides a VNC password
in clear text. The keymap attribute specifies the keymap
to use.
"rdp"port attribute
specifies the TCP port number (with -1 as legacy syntax indicating
that it should be auto-allocated). The autoport attribute
is the new preferred syntax for indicating autoallocation of the TCP
port to use. The replaceUser attribute is a boolean deciding
whether multiple simultaneous connections to the VM are permitted.
The multiUser whether the existing connection must be dropped
and a new connection must be established by the VRDP server, when a new
client connects in single connection mode.
"desktop"display
and fullscreen.
A video device.
...
<video type='vga' nvram='8192' heads='1'>
<acceleration accel3d='yes' accel3d='yes' />
</video>
...
videovideo element has a mandatory type
attribute which takes the value "vga", "cirrus", "vmvga", "xen" or "vbox".
You can also provide the amount of video memory using nvram,
the number of screen with heads, and whether acceleration
should be enabled (if supported) using the accel3d and
accel2d attributes in the acceleration element.
A character device provides a way to interact with the virtual machine. Paravirtualized consoles, serial ports and parallel ports are all classed as character devices and so represented using the same syntax.
...
<parallel type='pty'>
<source path='/dev/pts/2'/>
<target port='0'/>
</parallel>
<serial type='pty'>
<source path='/dev/pts/3'/>
<target port='0'/>
</serial>
<console type='pty'>
<source path='/dev/pts/4'/>
<target port='0'/>
</console>
</devices>
</domain>
parallelserialconsolesourcesource element
vary according to the type attribute on the parent
tag. Allowed variations will be described belowtargetport attribute, numbered starting from 1. There is
usually only one console device, and 0, 1 or 2 serial devices
or parallel devices.
This disables all input on the character device, and sends output into the virtual machine's logfile
...
<console type='stdio'>
<target port='1'>
</console>
...
A file is opened and all data sent to the character device is written to the file.
...
<serial type="file">
<source path="/var/log/vm/vm-serial.log"/>
<target port="1"/>
</serial>
...
Connects the character device to the graphical framebuffer in a virtual console. This is typically accessed via a special hotkey sequence such as "ctrl+alt+3"
...
<serial type='vc'>
<target port="1"/>
</serial>
...
Connects the character device to the void. No data is ever provided to the input. All data written is discarded.
...
<serial type='null'>
<target port="1"/>
</serial>
...
A Pseudo TTY is allocated using /dev/ptmx. A suitable client such as 'virsh console' can connect to interact with the serial port locally.
...
<serial type="pty">
<source path="/dev/pts/3"/>
<target port="1"/>
</serial>
...
NB special case if <console type='pty'>, then the TTY path is also duplicated as an attribute tty='/dev/pts/3' on the top level <console> tag. This provides compat with existing syntax for <console> tags.
The character device is passed through to the underlying physical character device. The device types must match, eg the emulated serial port should only be connected to a host serial port - don't connect a serial port to a parallel port.
...
<serial type="dev">
<source path="/dev/ttyS0"/>
<target port="1"/>
</serial>
...
The character device writes output to a named pipe. See pipe(7) for more info.
...
<serial type="pipe">
<source path="/tmp/mypipe"/>
<target port="1"/>
</serial>
...
The character device acts as a TCP client connecting to a remote server.
...
<serial type="tcp">
<source mode="connect" host="0.0.0.0" service="2445"/>
<protocol type="raw"/>
<target port="1"/>
</serial>
...
Or as a TCP server waiting for a client connection.
...
<serial type="tcp">
<source mode="bind" host="127.0.0.1" service="2445"/>
<protocol type="raw"/>
<target port="1"/>
</serial>
...
Alternatively you can use telnet instead of raw TCP.
...
<serial type="tcp">
<source mode="connect" host="0.0.0.0" service="2445"/>
<protocol type="telnet"/>
<target port="1"/>
</serial>
...
<serial type="tcp">
<source mode="bind" host="127.0.0.1" service="2445"/>
<protocol type="telnet"/>
<target port="1"/>
</serial>
...
The character device acts as a UDP netconsole service, sending and receiving packets. This is a lossy service.
...
<serial type="udp">
<source mode="bind" host="0.0.0.0" service="2445"/>
<source mode="connect" host="0.0.0.0" service="2445"/>
<target port="1"/>
</serial>
...
The character device acts as a UNIX domain socket server, accepting connections from local clients.
...
<serial type="unix">
<source mode="bind" path="/tmp/foo"/>
<target port="1"/>
</serial>
...
A virtual sound card can be attached to the host via the
sound element. Since 0.4.3
...
<sound model='es1370'/>
...
soundsound element has one mandatory attribute,
model, which specifies what real sound device is emulated.
Valid values are specific to the underlying hypervisor, though typical
choices are 'es1370', 'sb16', and 'ac97'
('ac97' only since 0.6.0)
A virtual hardware watchdog device can be added to the guest via
the watchdog element.
Since 0.7.3, QEMU and KVM only
The watchdog device requires an additional driver and management daemon in the guest. Just enabling the watchdog in the libvirt configuration does not do anything useful on its own.
Currently libvirt does not support notification when the watchdog fires. This feature is planned for a future version of libvirt.
...
<watchdog model='i6300esb'/>
...
...
<watchdog model='i6300esb' action='poweroff'/>
...
model
The required model attribute specifies what real
watchdog device is emulated. Valid values are specific to the
underlying hypervisor.
QEMU and KVM support:
action
The optional action attribute describes what
action to take when the watchdog expires. Valid values are
specific to the underlying hypervisor.
QEMU and KVM support:
Note that the 'shutdown' action requires that the guest is responsive to ACPI signals. In the sort of situations where the watchdog has expired, guests are usually unable to respond to ACPI signals. Therefore using 'shutdown' is not recommended.
Example configurations for each driver are provide on the driver specific pages listed below