Discuss any large changes on the mailing list first. Post patches early and listen to feedback.
Official upstream repository is kept in git
(https://libvirt.org/git/libvirt.git) and is browsable
along with other libvirt-related repositories
(e.g. libvirt-python) online.
Patches to translations are maintained via the zanata project. If you want to fix a translation in a .po file, join the appropriate language team. The libvirt release process automatically pulls the latest version of each translation file from zanata.
Post patches using git send-email, with git
rename detection enabled. You need a one-time setup of:
git config diff.renames true
Also, for code motion patches, you may find that git
diff --patience provides an easier-to-read patch.
However, the usual workflow of libvirt developer is:
git checkout master git pull git checkout -t origin -b workbranch Hack, committing any changes along the way
More hints on compiling can be found here. When you want to post your patches:
git pull --rebase
(fix any conflicts)
git send-email --cover-letter --no-chain-reply-to --annotate \
--confirm=always --to=libvir-list@redhat.com master
For a single patch you can omit
--cover-letter, but a series of two or more
patches needs a cover letter.
Note that the git send-email subcommand may not
be in the main git package and using it may require installation
of a separate package, for example the "git-email" package in
Fedora and Debian. If this is your first time using
git send-email, you might need to configure it to
point it to your SMTP server with something like:
git config --global sendemail.smtpServer stmp.youremailprovider.net
If you get tired of typing
--to=libvir-list@redhat.com all the time, you can
configure that to be automatically handled as well:
git config sendemail.to libvir-list@redhat.com
As a rule, patches should be sent to the mailing list only: all developers are subscribed to libvir-list and read it regularly, so please don't CC individual developers unless they've explicitly asked you to.
Avoid using mail clients for sending patches, as most of them will mangle the messages in some way, making them unusable for our purposes. Gmail and other Web-based mail clients are particularly bad at this.
If everything went well, your patch should show up on the libvir-list archives in a matter of minutes; if you still can't find it on there after an hour or so, you should double-check your setup. Note that your very first post to the mailing list will be subject to moderation, and it's not uncommon for that to take around a day.
Please follow this as close as you can, especially the rebase and
git send-email part, as it makes life easier for other
developers to review your patch set.
One should avoid sending patches as attachments,
but rather send them in email body along with commit message. If a
developer is sending another version of the patch (e.g. to address
review comments), they are advised to note differences to previous
versions after the --- line in the patch so that it helps
reviewers but doesn't become part of git history. Moreover, such patch
needs to be prefixed correctly with
--subject-prefix=PATCHv2 appended to git
send-email (substitute v2 with the correct
version if needed though).
In your commit message, make the summary line reasonably short (60 characters is typical), followed by a blank line, followed by any longer description of why your patch makes sense. If the patch fixes a regression, and you know what commit introduced the problem, mentioning that is useful. If the patch resolves a bugzilla report, mentioning the URL of the bug number is useful; but also summarize the issue rather than making all readers follow the link. You can use 'git shortlog -30' to get an idea of typical summary lines.
Contributors to libvirt projects must assert that they are in compliance with the Developer Certificate of Origin 1.1. This is achieved by adding a "Signed-off-by" line containing the contributor's name and e-mail to every commit message. The presence of this line attests that the contributor has read the above lined DCO and agrees with its statements.
Split large changes into a series of smaller patches,
self-contained if possible, with an explanation of each patch
and an explanation of how the sequence of patches fits
together. Moreover, please keep in mind that it's required to
be able to compile cleanly (including make
check and make syntax-check) after each
patch. A feature does not have to work until the end of a
series, but intermediate patches must compile and not cause
test-suite failures (this is to preserve the usefulness
of git bisect, among other things).
Make sure your patches apply against libvirt GIT. Developers only follow GIT and don't care much about released versions.
Run the automated tests on your code before submitting any changes. In particular, configure with compile warnings set to -Werror. This is done automatically for a git checkout; from a tarball, use:
./configure --enable-werror
and run the tests:
make check make syntax-check make -C tests valgrind
Valgrind is a test that checks for memory management issues, such as leaks or use of uninitialized variables.
Some tests are skipped by default in a development environment, based on the time they take in comparison to the likelihood that those tests will turn up problems during incremental builds. These tests default to being run when building from a tarball or with the configure option --enable-expensive-tests; you can also force a one-time toggle of these tests by setting VIR_TEST_EXPENSIVE to 0 or 1 at make time, as in:
make check VIR_TEST_EXPENSIVE=1
If you encounter any failing tests, the VIR_TEST_DEBUG environment variable may provide extra information to debug the failures. Larger values of VIR_TEST_DEBUG may provide larger amounts of information:
VIR_TEST_DEBUG=1 make check (or) VIR_TEST_DEBUG=2 make check
When debugging failures during development, it is possible to focus in on just the failing subtests by using TESTS and VIR_TEST_RANGE:
make check VIR_TEST_DEBUG=1 VIR_TEST_RANGE=3-5 TESTS=qemuxml2argvtest
Also, individual tests can be run from inside the tests/
directory, like:
./qemuxml2xmltest
If you are adding new test cases, or making changes that alter existing test output, you can use the environment variable VIR_TEST_REGENERATE_OUTPUT to quickly update the saved test data. Of course you still need to review the changes VERY CAREFULLY to ensure they are correct.
VIR_TEST_REGENERATE_OUTPUT=1 ./qemuxml2argvtest
There is also a ./run script at the top level,
to make it easier to run programs that have not yet been
installed, as well as to wrap invocations of various tests
under gdb or Valgrind.
When running our test suite it may happen that the test result is
nondeterministic because of the test suite relying on a particular file
in the system being accessible or having some specific value. To catch
this kind of errors, the test suite has a module for that prints any
path touched that fulfils constraints described above
into a file. To enable it just set
VIR_TEST_FILE_ACCESS environment variable.
Then VIR_TEST_FILE_ACCESS_OUTPUT environment
variable can alter location where the file is stored.
VIR_TEST_FILE_ACCESS=1 VIR_TEST_FILE_ACCESS_OUTPUT="/tmp/file_access.txt" ./qemuxml2argvtest
The Valgrind test should produce similar output to
make check. If the output has traces within libvirt
API's, then investigation is required in order to determine the
cause of the issue. Output such as the following indicates some
sort of leak:
==5414== 4 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 3 of 89 ==5414== at 0x4A0881C: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:270) ==5414== by 0x34DE0AAB85: xmlStrndup (in /usr/lib64/libxml2.so.2.7.8) ==5414== by 0x4CC97A6: virDomainVideoDefParseXML (domain_conf.c:7410) ==5414== by 0x4CD581D: virDomainDefParseXML (domain_conf.c:10188) ==5414== by 0x4CD8C73: virDomainDefParseNode (domain_conf.c:10640) ==5414== by 0x4CD8DDB: virDomainDefParse (domain_conf.c:10590) ==5414== by 0x41CB1D: testCompareXMLToArgvHelper (qemuxml2argvtest.c:100) ==5414== by 0x41E20F: virtTestRun (testutils.c:161) ==5414== by 0x41C7CB: mymain (qemuxml2argvtest.c:866) ==5414== by 0x41E84A: virtTestMain (testutils.c:723) ==5414== by 0x34D9021734: (below main) (in /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so)
In this example, the virDomainDefParseXML() had
an error path where the virDomainVideoDefPtr video
pointer was not properly disposed. By simply adding a
virDomainVideoDefFree(video); in the error path,
the issue was resolved.
Another common mistake is calling a printing function, such as
VIR_DEBUG() without initializing a variable to be
printed. The following example involved a call which could return
an error, but not set variables passed by reference to the call.
The solution was to initialize the variables prior to the call.
==4749== Use of uninitialised value of size 8 ==4749== at 0x34D904650B: _itoa_word (in /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so) ==4749== by 0x34D9049118: vfprintf (in /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so) ==4749== by 0x34D9108F60: __vasprintf_chk (in /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so) ==4749== by 0x4CAEEF7: virVasprintf (stdio2.h:199) ==4749== by 0x4C8A55E: virLogVMessage (virlog.c:814) ==4749== by 0x4C8AA96: virLogMessage (virlog.c:751) ==4749== by 0x4DA0056: virNetTLSContextCheckCertKeyUsage (virnettlscontext.c:225) ==4749== by 0x4DA06DB: virNetTLSContextCheckCert (virnettlscontext.c:439) ==4749== by 0x4DA1620: virNetTLSContextNew (virnettlscontext.c:562) ==4749== by 0x4DA26FC: virNetTLSContextNewServer (virnettlscontext.c:927) ==4749== by 0x409C39: testTLSContextInit (virnettlscontexttest.c:467) ==4749== by 0x40AB8F: virtTestRun (testutils.c:161)
Valgrind will also find some false positives or code paths which cannot be resolved by making changes to the libvirt code. For these paths, it is possible to add a filter to avoid the errors. For example:
==4643== 7 bytes in 1 blocks are possibly lost in loss record 4 of 20 ==4643== at 0x4A0881C: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:270) ==4643== by 0x34D90853F1: strdup (in /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so) ==4643== by 0x34EEC2C08A: ??? (in /usr/lib64/libnl.so.1.1) ==4643== by 0x34EEC15B81: ??? (in /usr/lib64/libnl.so.1.1) ==4643== by 0x34D8C0EE15: call_init.part.0 (in /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so) ==4643== by 0x34D8C0EECF: _dl_init (in /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so) ==4643== by 0x34D8C01569: ??? (in /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so)
In this instance, it is acceptable to modify the
tests/.valgrind.supp file in order to add a
suppression filter. The filter should be unique enough to
not suppress real leaks, but it should be generic enough to
cover multiple code paths. The format of the entry can be
found in the documentation found at the
Valgrind home page.
The following trace was added to tests/.valgrind.supp
in order to suppress the warning:
{
dlInitMemoryLeak1
Memcheck:Leak
fun:?alloc
...
fun:call_init.part.0
fun:_dl_init
...
obj:*/lib*/ld-2.*so*
}
Update tests and/or documentation, particularly if you are adding a new feature or changing the output of a program.
Don't forget to update the release notes
by changing docs/news.xml if your changes are
significant. All user-visible changes, such as adding new XML elements
or fixing all but the most obscure bugs, must be (briefly) described
in a release notes entry; changes that are only relevant to other
libvirt developers, such as code refactoring, don't belong in the
release notes. Note that docs/news.xml should be updated
in its own commit not to get in the way of backports.
There is more on this subject, including lots of links to background reading on the subject, on Richard Jones' guide to working with open source projects.
libvirt includes support for some useful development tools right in its source repository, meaning users will be able to take advantage of them without little or no configuration. Examples include:
When reading libvirt code, a number of different naming conventions will be evident due to various changes in thinking over the course of the project's lifetime. The conventions documented below should be followed when creating any entirely new files in libvirt. When working on existing files, while it is desirable to apply these conventions, keeping a consistent style with existing code in that particular file is generally more important. The overall guiding principal is that every file, enum, struct, function, macro and typedef name must have a 'vir' or 'VIR' prefix. All local scope variable names are exempt, and global variables are exempt, unless exported in a header file.
File naming varies depending on the subdirectory. The preferred style is to have a 'vir' prefix, followed by a name which matches the name of the functions / objects inside the file. For example, a file containing an object 'virHashtable' is stored in files 'virhashtable.c' and 'virhashtable.h'. Sometimes, methods which would otherwise be declared 'static' need to be exported for use by a test suite. For this purpose a second header file should be added with a suffix of 'priv', e.g. 'virhashtablepriv.h'. Use of underscores in file names is discouraged when using the 'vir' prefix style. The 'vir' prefix naming applies to src/util, src/rpc and tests/ directories. Most other directories do not follow this convention.
All enums should have a 'vir' prefix in their typedef name, and each following word should have its first letter in uppercase. The enum name should match the typedef name with a leading underscore. The enum member names should be in all uppercase, and use an underscore to separate each word. The enum member name prefix should match the enum typedef name.
typedef enum _virSocketType virSocketType;
enum _virSocketType {
VIR_SOCKET_TYPE_IPV4,
VIR_SOCKET_TYPE_IPV6,
};
All structs should have a 'vir' prefix in their typedef name, and each following word should have its first letter in uppercase. The struct name should be the same as the typedef name with a leading underscore. A second typedef should be given for a pointer to the struct with a 'Ptr' suffix.
typedef struct _virHashTable virHashTable;
typedef virHashTable *virHashTablePtr;
struct _virHashTable {
...
};
All functions should have a 'vir' prefix in their name, followed by one or more words with first letter of each word capitalized. Underscores should not be used in function names. If the function is operating on an object, then the function name prefix should match the object typedef name, otherwise it should match the filename. Following this comes the verb / action name, and finally an optional subject name. For example, given an object 'virHashTable', all functions should have a name 'virHashTable$VERB' or 'virHashTable$VERB$SUBJECT", e.g. 'virHashTableLookup' or 'virHashTableGetValue'.
All macros should have a "VIR" prefix in their name, followed by one or more uppercase words separated by underscores. The macro argument names should be in lowercase. Aside from having a "VIR" prefix there are no common practices for the rest of the macro name.
Libvirt's C source code generally adheres to some basic code-formatting conventions. The existing code base is not totally consistent on this front, but we do prefer that contributed code be formatted similarly. In short, use spaces-not-TABs for indentation, use 4 spaces for each indentation level, and other than that, follow the K&R style.
If you use Emacs, the project includes a file .dir-locals.el that sets up the preferred indentation. If you use vim, append the following to your ~/.vimrc file:
set nocompatible filetype on set autoindent set smartindent set cindent set tabstop=8 set shiftwidth=4 set expandtab set cinoptions=(0,:0,l1,t0,L3 filetype plugin indent on au FileType make setlocal noexpandtab au BufRead,BufNewFile *.am setlocal noexpandtab match ErrorMsg /\s\+$\| \+\ze\t/
Or if you don't want to mess your ~/.vimrc up, you can save the above into a file called .lvimrc (not .vimrc) located at the root of libvirt source, then install a vim script from http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=1408, which will load the .lvimrc only when you edit libvirt code.
With new code, we can be even more strict. Please apply the following function (using GNU indent) to any new code. Note that this also gives you an idea of the type of spacing we prefer around operators and keywords:
indent-libvirt()
{
indent -bad -bap -bbb -bli4 -br -ce -brs -cs -i4 -l75 -lc75 \
-sbi4 -psl -saf -sai -saw -sbi4 -ss -sc -cdw -cli4 -npcs -nbc \
--no-tabs "$@"
}
Note that sometimes you'll have to post-process that output further, by
piping it through expand -i, since some leading TABs can get through.
Usually they're in macro definitions or strings, and should be converted
anyhow.
Libvirt requires a C99 compiler for various reasons. However,
most of the code base prefers to stick to C89 syntax unless
there is a compelling reason otherwise. For example, it is
preferable to use /* */ comments rather
than //. Also, when declaring local variables, the
prevailing style has been to declare them at the beginning of a
scope, rather than immediately before use.
The keywords if, for, while,
and switch must have a single space following them
before the opening bracket. E.g.
if(foo) // Bad
if (foo) // Good
Function implementations must not have any whitespace between the function name and the opening bracket. E.g.
int foo (int wizz) // Bad
int foo(int wizz) // Good
Function calls must not have any whitespace between the function name and the opening bracket. E.g.
bar = foo (wizz); // Bad
bar = foo(wizz); // Good
Function typedefs must not have any whitespace between the closing bracket of the function name and opening bracket of the arg list. E.g.
typedef int (*foo) (int wizz); // Bad
typedef int (*foo)(int wizz); // Good
There must not be any whitespace immediately following any opening bracket, or immediately prior to any closing bracket. E.g.
int foo( int wizz ); // Bad
int foo(int wizz); // Good
Commas should always be followed by a space or end of line, and never have leading space; this is enforced during 'make syntax-check'.
call(a,b ,c);// Bad
call(a, b, c); // Good
When declaring an enum or using a struct initializer that occupies more than one line, use a trailing comma. That way, future edits to extend the list only have to add a line, rather than modify an existing line to add the intermediate comma. Any sentinel enumerator value with a name ending in _LAST is exempt, since you would extend such an enum before the _LAST element. Another reason to favor trailing commas is that it requires less effort to produce via code generators. Note that the syntax checker is unable to enforce a style of trailing commas, so there are counterexamples in existing code which do not use it; also, while C99 allows trailing commas, remember that JSON and XDR do not.
enum {
VALUE_ONE,
VALUE_TWO // Bad
};
enum {
VALUE_THREE,
VALUE_FOUR, // Good
};
Semicolons should never have a space beforehand. Inside the
condition of a for loop, there should always be a
space or line break after each semicolon, except for the special
case of an infinite loop (although more infinite loops
use while). While not enforced, loop counters
generally use post-increment.
for (i = 0 ;i < limit ; ++i) { // Bad
for (i = 0; i < limit; i++) { // Good
for (;;) { // ok
while (1) { // Better
Empty loop bodies are better represented with curly braces and a comment, although use of a semicolon is not currently rejected.
while ((rc = waitpid(pid, &st, 0) == -1) &&
errno == EINTR); // ok
while ((rc = waitpid(pid, &st, 0) == -1) &&
errno == EINTR) { // Better
/* nothing */
}
Omit the curly braces around an if, while,
for etc. body only when both that body and the condition
itself occupy a single line. In every other case we require
the braces. This ensures that it is trivially easy to identify a
single-statement loop: each has only one line in its body.
while (expr) // single line body; {} is forbidden
single_line_stmt();
while (expr(arg1,
arg2)) // indentation makes it obvious it is single line,
single_line_stmt(); // {} is optional (not enforced either way)
while (expr1 &&
expr2) { // multi-line, at same indentation, {} required
single_line_stmt();
}
However, the moment your loop/if/else body extends on to a second line, for whatever reason (even if it's just an added comment), then you should add braces. Otherwise, it would be too easy to insert a statement just before that comment (without adding braces), thinking it is already a multi-statement loop:
while (true) // BAD! multi-line body with no braces
/* comment... */
single_line_stmt();
Do this instead:
while (true) { // Always put braces around a multi-line body.
/* comment... */
single_line_stmt();
}
There is one exception: when the second body line is not at the same indentation level as the first body line:
if (expr)
die("a diagnostic that would make this line"
" extend past the 80-column limit"));
It is safe to omit the braces in the code above, since the further-indented second body line makes it obvious that this is still a single-statement body.
To reiterate, don't do this:
if (expr) // BAD: no braces around...
while (expr_2) { // ... a multi-line body
...
}
Do this, instead:
if (expr) {
while (expr_2) {
...
}
}
However, there is one exception in the other direction, when even a
one-line block should have braces. That occurs when that one-line,
brace-less block is an if or else
block, and the counterpart block does use braces. In
that case, put braces around both blocks. Also, if
the else block is much shorter than
the if block, consider negating the
if-condition and swapping the bodies, putting the
short block first and making the longer, multi-line block be the
else block.
if (expr) {
...
...
}
else
x = y; // BAD: braceless "else" with braced "then",
// and short block last
if (expr)
x = y; // BAD: braceless "if" with braced "else"
else {
...
...
}
Keeping braces consistent and putting the short block first is preferred, especially when the multi-line body is more than a few lines long, because it is easier to read and grasp the semantics of an if-then-else block when the simpler block occurs first, rather than after the more involved block:
if (!expr) {
x = y; // putting the smaller block first is more readable
} else {
...
...
}
But if negating a complex condition is too ugly, then at least add braces:
if (complex expr not worth negating) {
...
...
} else {
x = y;
}
Use hanging braces for compound statements: the opening brace of a compound statement should be on the same line as the condition being tested. Only top-level function bodies, nested scopes, and compound structure declarations should ever have { on a line by itself.
void
foo(int a, int b)
{ // correct - function body
int 2d[][] = {
{ // correct - complex initialization
1, 2,
},
};
if (a)
{ // BAD: compound brace on its own line
do_stuff();
}
{ // correct - nested scope
int tmp;
if (a < b) { // correct - hanging brace
tmp = b;
b = a;
a = tmp;
}
}
}
For readability reasons new code should avoid shortening comparisons to 0 for numeric types. Boolean and pointer comparisions may be shortened. All long forms are okay:
virFooPtr foos = NULL;
size nfoos = 0;
bool hasFoos = false;
GOOD:
if (!foos)
if (!hasFoos)
if (nfoos == 0)
if (foos == NULL)
if (hasFoos == true)
BAD:
if (!nfoos)
if (nfoos)
New code should avoid the ternary operator as much as possible. Specifically it must never span more than one line or nest:
BAD:
char *foo = baz ?
virDoSomethingReallyComplex(driver, vm, something, baz->foo) :
NULL;
char *foo = bar ? bar->baz ? bar->baz->foo : "nobaz" : "nobar";
Macros defined with an ALL_CAPS name should generally be assumed to be unsafe with regards to arguments with side-effects (that is, MAX(a++, b--) might increment a or decrement b too many or too few times). Exceptions to this rule are explicitly documented for macros in viralloc.h and virstring.h.
For variadic macros, stick with C99 syntax:
#define vshPrint(_ctl, ...) fprintf(stdout, __VA_ARGS__)
Use parenthesis when checking if a macro is defined, and use indentation to track nesting:
#if defined(HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE) && !defined(HAVE_FALLOCATE) # define fallocate(a, ignored, b, c) posix_fallocate(a, b, c) #endif
Use the right type.
int or long, odds are
good that there's a better type.size_t (use
ssize_t only if required).off_t.off_t.unsigned int;
(on all but oddball embedded systems, you can assume that that
type is at least four bytes wide).bool type
and use the corresponding true and false macros.
It's ok to include <stdbool.h>, since libvirt's use of gnulib ensures
that it exists and is usable.int32_t, uint32_t,
uint64_t, etc.bool is good for readability, it comes with
minor caveats:
bool in places where the type size must be constant across
all systems, like public interfaces and on-the-wire protocols. Note
that it would be possible (albeit wasteful) to use bool in libvirt's
logical wire protocol, since XDR maps that to its lower-level bool_t
type, which is fixed-size.true,
since a value with a logical non-false value need not be 1.
I.e., don't write if (seen == true) .... Rather,
write if (seen)....
Of course, take all of the above with a grain of salt. If you're about
to use some system interface that requires a type like size_t,
pid_t or off_t, use matching types for any
corresponding variables.
Also, if you try to use e.g., unsigned int as a type, and that
conflicts with the signedness of a related variable, sometimes
it's best just to use the wrong type, if pulling the thread
and fixing all related variables would be too invasive.
Finally, while using descriptive types is important, be careful not to go overboard. If whatever you're doing causes warnings, or requires casts, then reconsider or ask for help.
Ensure that all of your pointers are const-correct.
Unless a pointer is used to modify the pointed-to storage,
give it the const attribute. That way, the reader knows
up-front that this is a read-only pointer. Perhaps more
importantly, if we're diligent about this, when you see a non-const
pointer, you're guaranteed that it is used to modify the storage
it points to, or it is aliased to another pointer that is.
Use of the malloc/free/realloc/calloc APIs is deprecated in the libvirt codebase, because they encourage a number of serious coding bugs and do not enable compile time verification of checks for NULL. Instead of these routines, use the macros from viralloc.h.
To allocate a single object:
virDomainPtr domain;
if (VIR_ALLOC(domain) < 0)
return NULL;
To allocate an array of objects:
virDomainPtr domains;
size_t ndomains = 10;
if (VIR_ALLOC_N(domains, ndomains) < 0)
return NULL;
To allocate an array of object pointers:
virDomainPtr *domains;
size_t ndomains = 10;
if (VIR_ALLOC_N(domains, ndomains) < 0)
return NULL;
To re-allocate the array of domains to be 1 element longer (however, note that repeatedly expanding an array by 1 scales quadratically, so this is recommended only for smaller arrays):
virDomainPtr domains;
size_t ndomains = 0;
if (VIR_EXPAND_N(domains, ndomains, 1) < 0)
return NULL;
domains[ndomains - 1] = domain;
To ensure an array has room to hold at least one more element (this approach scales better, but requires tracking allocation separately from usage)
virDomainPtr domains;
size_t ndomains = 0;
size_t ndomains_max = 0;
if (VIR_RESIZE_N(domains, ndomains_max, ndomains, 1) < 0)
return NULL;
domains[ndomains++] = domain;
To trim an array of domains from its allocated size down to the actual used size:
virDomainPtr domains; size_t ndomains = x; size_t ndomains_max = y; VIR_SHRINK_N(domains, ndomains_max, ndomains_max - ndomains);
To free an array of domains:
virDomainPtr domains;
size_t ndomains = x;
size_t ndomains_max = y;
size_t i;
for (i = 0; i < ndomains; i++)
VIR_FREE(domains[i]);
VIR_FREE(domains);
ndomains_max = ndomains = 0;
Usage of the fdopen(), close(), fclose()
APIs is deprecated in libvirt code base to help avoiding double-closing of files
or file descriptors, which is particularly dangerous in a multi-threaded
application. Instead of these APIs, use the macros from virfile.h
Open a file from a file descriptor:
if ((file = VIR_FDOPEN(fd, "r")) == NULL) {
virReportSystemError(errno, "%s",
_("failed to open file from file descriptor"));
return -1;
}
/* fd is now invalid; only access the file using file variable */
Close a file descriptor:
if (VIR_CLOSE(fd) < 0) {
virReportSystemError(errno, "%s", _("failed to close file"));
}
Close a file:
if (VIR_FCLOSE(file) < 0) {
virReportSystemError(errno, "%s", _("failed to close file"));
}
Close a file or file descriptor in an error path, without losing
the previous errno value:
VIR_FORCE_CLOSE(fd); VIR_FORCE_FCLOSE(file);
Do not use the strcmp, strncmp, etc functions directly. Instead use one of the following semantically named macros
For strict equality:
STREQ(a,b) STRNEQ(a,b)
For case insensitive equality:
STRCASEEQ(a,b) STRCASENEQ(a,b)
For strict equality of a substring:
STREQLEN(a,b,n) STRNEQLEN(a,b,n)
For case insensitive equality of a substring:
STRCASEEQLEN(a,b,n) STRCASENEQLEN(a,b,n)
For strict equality of a prefix:
STRPREFIX(a,b)
To avoid having to check if a or b are NULL:
STREQ_NULLABLE(a, b) STRNEQ_NULLABLE(a, b)
Do not use the strncpy function. According to the man page, it does not guarantee a NULL-terminated buffer, which makes it extremely dangerous to use. Instead, use one of the replacement functions provided by libvirt:
virStrncpy(char *dest, const char *src, size_t n, size_t destbytes)
The first two arguments have the same meaning as for strncpy, namely the destination and source of the copy operation. Unlike strncpy, the function will always copy exactly the number of bytes requested and make sure the destination is NULL-terminated, as the source is required to be; sanity checks are performed to ensure the size of the destination, as specified by the last argument, is sufficient for the operation to succeed. On success, 0 is returned; on failure, a value <0 is returned instead.
virStrcpy(char *dest, const char *src, size_t destbytes)
Use this variant if you know you want to copy the entire src string into dest.
virStrcpyStatic(char *dest, const char *src)
Use this variant if you know you want to copy the entire src string into dest and you know that your destination string is a static string (i.e. that sizeof(dest) returns something meaningful). Note that this is a macro, so arguments could be evaluated more than once.
VIR_STRDUP(char *dst, const char *src); VIR_STRNDUP(char *dst, const char *src, size_t n);
You should avoid using strdup or strndup directly as they do not report out-of-memory error, and do not allow a NULL source. Use VIR_STRDUP or VIR_STRNDUP macros instead, which return 0 for NULL source, 1 for successful copy, and -1 for allocation failure with the error already reported. In very specific cases, when you don't want to report the out-of-memory error, you can use VIR_STRDUP_QUIET or VIR_STRNDUP_QUIET, but such usage is very rare and usually considered a flaw.
If there is a need for complex string concatenations, avoid using the usual sequence of malloc/strcpy/strcat/snprintf functions and make use of the virBuffer API described in virbuffer.h
Typical usage is as follows:
char *
somefunction(...)
{
virBuffer buf = VIR_BUFFER_INITIALIZER;
...
virBufferAddLit(&buf, "<domain>\n");
virBufferAsprintf(&buf, " <memory>%d</memory>\n", memory);
...
virBufferAddLit(&buf, "</domain>\n");
...
if (virBufferCheckError(&buf) < 0)
return NULL;
return virBufferContentAndReset(&buf);
}
There are now quite a large number of include files, both libvirt internal and external, and system includes. To manage all this complexity it's best to stick to the following general plan for all *.c source files:
/*
* Copyright notice
* ....
* ....
* ....
*
*/
#include <config.h> Must come first in every file.
#include <stdio.h> Any system includes you need.
#include <string.h>
#include <limits.h>
#if WITH_NUMACTL Some system includes aren't supported
# include <numa.h> everywhere so need these #if guards.
#endif
#include "internal.h" Include this first, after system includes.
#include "util.h" Any libvirt internal header files.
#include "buf.h"
static int
myInternalFunc() The actual code.
{
...
Of particular note: Do not include libvirt/libvirt.h, libvirt/virterror.h, libvirt/libvirt-qemu.h, or libvirt/libvirt-lxc.h. They are included by "internal.h" already and there are some special reasons why you cannot include these files explicitly. One of the special cases, "libvirt/libvirt.h" is included prior to "internal.h" in "remote_protocol.x", to avoid exposing *_LAST enum elements.
Whenever you add a new printf-style function, i.e., one with a format string argument and following "..." in its prototype, be sure to use gcc's printf attribute directive in the prototype. For example, here's the one for virAsprintf, in util.h:
int virAsprintf(char **strp, const char *fmt, ...)
ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(printf, 2, 3);
This makes it so gcc's -Wformat and -Wformat-security options can do their jobs and cross-check format strings with the number and types of arguments.
When printing to a string, consider using virBuffer for incremental allocations, virAsprintf for a one-shot allocation, and snprintf for fixed-width buffers. Do not use sprintf, even if you can prove the buffer won't overflow, since gnulib does not provide the same portability guarantees for sprintf as it does for snprintf.
Error messages visible to the user should be short and descriptive. All
error messages are translated using gettext and thus must be wrapped in
_() macro. To simplify the translation work, the error message
must not be concatenated from various parts. To simplify searching for
the error message in the code the strings should not be broken even
if they result into a line longer than 80 columns and any formatting
modifier should be enclosed by quotes or other obvious separator.
If a string used with %s can be NULL the NULLSTR macro must
be used.
GOOD: virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
_("Failed to connect to remote host '%s'"), hostname)
BAD: virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
_("Failed to %s to remote host '%s'"),
"connect", hostname);
BAD: virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
_("Failed to connect "
"to remote host '%s'),
hostname);
The use of goto is not forbidden, and goto is widely used throughout libvirt. While the uncontrolled use of goto will quickly lead to unmaintainable code, there is a place for it in well structured code where its use increases readability and maintainability. In general, if goto is used for error recovery, it's likely to be ok, otherwise, be cautious or avoid it all together.
The typical use of goto is to jump to cleanup code in the case of a long list of actions, any of which may fail and cause the entire operation to fail. In this case, a function will have a single label at the end of the function. It's almost always ok to use this style. In particular, if the cleanup code only involves free'ing memory, then having multiple labels is overkill. VIR_FREE() and every function named XXXFree() in libvirt is required to handle NULL as its arg. Thus you can safely call free on all the variables even if they were not yet allocated (yes they have to have been initialized to NULL). This is much simpler and clearer than having multiple labels.
There are a couple of signs that a particular use of goto is not ok:
Although libvirt does not encourage the Linux kernel wind/unwind style of multiple labels, there's a good general discussion of the issue archived at KernelTrap
When using goto, please use one of these standard labels if it makes sense:
error: A path only taken upon return with an error code
cleanup: A path taken upon return with success code + optional error
no_memory: A path only taken upon return with an OOM error code
retry: If needing to jump upwards (e.g., retry on EINTR)
Top-level labels should be indented by one space (putting them on the beginning of the line confuses function context detection in git):
int foo()
{
/* ... do stuff ... */
cleanup:
/* ... do other stuff ... */
}
The AUTHORS files indicates the list of people with commit access right who can actually merge the patches.
The general rule for committing a patch is to make sure it has been reviewed properly in the mailing-list first, usually if a couple of people gave an ACK or +1 to a patch and nobody raised an objection on the list it should be good to go. If the patch touches a part of the code where you're not the main maintainer, or where you do not have a very clear idea of how things work, it's better to wait for a more authoritative feedback though. Before committing, please also rebuild locally, run 'make check syntax-check', and make sure you don't raise errors. Try to look for warnings too; for example, configure with
--enable-compile-warnings=error
which adds -Werror to compile flags, so no warnings get missed
An exception to 'review and approval on the list first' is fixing failures to build:
Code coverage HTML reports can be generated with:
make coverage
Reports will be generated in the cov/ directory. Point a
web browser at cov/index.html for the full report.
The make coverage target is provided by gnulib.
It is a convenience helper for calling the following 3 targets in order.
It may be useful to occasionally call these directly.
make init-coverage: run make clean and
remove all code coverage counter files (*.gcno, etc.)make build-coverage: run make and
make check with CFLAGS filled in with
necessary coverage flagsmake gen-coverage: generate the HTML report