When it comes to managing guests and executing commands inside them, logging into guest operating system and doing the job is convenient. Users are used to ssh in this case. Ideally:
ssh user@virtualMachine
would be nice. But depending on virtual network configuration it might not
be always possible. For instance, when using libvirt NATed network it's
dnsmasq (spawned by libvirt) who assigns IP addresses to domains. But by
default, the dnsmasq process is then not consulted when it comes to host
name translation. Users work around this problem by configuring their
libvirt network to assign static IP addresses and maintaining
/etc/hosts file in sync. But this puts needless burden onto
users. This is where NSS module comes handy.
Installing the module is really easy:
# yum install libvirt-nss
Enabling the module is really easy. Just add libvirt into
/etc/nsswitch.conf file. For instance:
$ cat /etc/nsswitch.conf # /etc/nsswitch.conf: passwd: compat shadow: compat group: compat hosts: files libvirt dns # ...
So, in this specific case, whenever ssh program is looking up the host user
is trying to connect to, files module is consulted first (which
boils down to looking up the host name in /etc/hosts file), if
not found libvirt module is consulted then. The DNS is the last
effort then, if none of the previous modules matched the host in question.
Therefore users should consider the order in which they want the modules to
lookup given host name.
Whenever an Unix process wants to do a host name translation
gethostbyname()
or some variant of it is called. This is a glibc function that takes a
string containing the host name, crunch it and produces a list of IP
addresses assigned to that host. Now, glibc developers made a really good
decision when implementing the internals of the function when they decided
to make the function pluggable. Since there can be several sources for the
records (e.g. /etc/hosts file, DNS, LDAP, etc.) it would not
make much sense to create one big implementation containing all possible
cases. What they have done instead is this pluggable mechanism. Small
plugins implementing nothing but specific technology for lookup process are
provided and the function then calls those plugins. There is just one
configuration file that instructs the lookup function in which order should
the plugins be called and which plugins should be loaded. For more info
reading wiki
page is recommended.
And this is point where libvirt comes in. Libvirt provides plugin for the NSS ecosystem. For some time now libvirt keeps a list of assigned IP addresses for libvirt networks. The NSS plugin does no more than search the list trying to find matching record for given host name. When found, matching IP address is returned to the caller. If not found, translation process continues with the next plugin configured. At this point it is important to stress the order in which plugins are called. Users should be aware that a hostname might match in multiple plugins and right after first match, translation process is terminated and no other plugin is consulted. Therefore, if there are two different records for the same host name users should carefully chose the lookup order.
These limitation are result of libvirt's internal implementation. While libvirt can report IP addresses regardless of their origin, a public API must be used to obtain those. However, for the API a connection object is required. Doing that for every name translation request would be too costly. Fortunately, libvirt spawns dnsmasq for NATed networks. Not only that, it provides small executable that on each IP address space change updates an internal list of addresses thus keeping it in sync. The NSS module then merely consults the list trying to find the match. Users can view the list themselves:
virsh net-dhcp-leases $network
where $network iterates through all running networks. So the module
does merely the same as
virsh domifaddr --source lease $domain
If there's no record for either of the aforementioned commands, it's very likely that NSS module won't find anything and vice versa.