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565 lines
24 KiB
HTML
<html>
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<body>
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<h1>QEMU/KVM hypervisor driver</h1>
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<ul id="toc"></ul>
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<p>
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The libvirt QEMU driver can manage any QEMU emulator from version 0.8.1
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or later. It can also manage anything that provides the same QEMU command
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line syntax and monitor interaction. This includes KVM, and Xenner.
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</p>
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<h2><a name="prereq">Deployment pre-requisites</a></h2>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<strong>QEMU emulators</strong>: The driver will probe <code>/usr/bin</code>
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for the presence of <code>qemu</code>, <code>qemu-system-x86_64</code>,
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<code>qemu-system-mips</code>,<code>qemu-system-mipsel</code>,
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<code>qemu-system-sparc</code>,<code>qemu-system-ppc</code>. The results
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of this can be seen from the capabilities XML output.
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>KVM hypervisor</strong>: The driver will probe <code>/usr/bin</code>
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for the presence of <code>qemu-kvm</code> and <code>/dev/kvm</code> device
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node. If both are found, then KVM fullyvirtualized, hardware accelerated
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guests will be available.
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Xenner hypervisor</strong>: The driver will probe <code>/usr/bin</code>
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for the presence of <code>xenner</code> and <code>/dev/kvm</code> device
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node. If both are found, then Xen paravirtualized guests can be run using
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the KVM hardware acceleration.
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h2><a name="uris">Connections to QEMU driver</a></h2>
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<p>
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The libvirt QEMU driver is a multi-instance driver, providing a single
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system wide privileged driver (the "system" instance), and per-user
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unprivileged drivers (the "session" instance). The URI driver protocol
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is "qemu". Some example conection URIs for the libvirt driver are:
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</p>
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<pre>
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qemu:///session (local access to per-user instance)
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qemu+unix:///session (local access to per-user instance)
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qemu:///system (local access to system instance)
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qemu+unix:///system (local access to system instance)
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qemu://example.com/system (remote access, TLS/x509)
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qemu+tcp://example.com/system (remote access, SASl/Kerberos)
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qemu+ssh://root@example.com/system (remote access, SSH tunnelled)
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</pre>
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<h2><a name="security">Driver security architecture</a></h2>
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<p>
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There are multiple layers to security in the QEMU driver, allowing for
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flexibility in the use of QEMU based virtual machines.
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</p>
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<h3><a name="securitydriver">Driver instances</a></h3>
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<p>
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As explained above there are two ways to access the QEMU driver
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in libvirt. The "qemu:///session" family of URIs connect to a
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libvirtd instance running as the same user/group ID as the client
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application. Thus the QEMU instances spawned from this driver will
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share the same privileges as the client application. The intended
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use case for this driver is desktop virtualization, with virtual
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machines storing their disk images in the user's home directory and
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being managed from the local desktop login session.
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</p>
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<p>
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The "qemu:///system" family of URIs connect to a
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libvirtd instance running as the privileged system account 'root'.
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Thus the QEMU instances spawned from this driver may have much
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higher privileges than the client application managing them.
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The intended use case for this driver is server virtualization,
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where the virtual machines may need to be connected to host
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resources (block, PCI, USB, network devices) whose access requires
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elevated privileges.
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</p>
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<h3><a name="securitydac">POSIX users/groups</a></h3>
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<p>
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In the "session" instance, the POSIX users/groups model restricts QEMU
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virtual machines (and libvirtd in general) to only have access to resources
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with the same user/group ID as the client application. There is no
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finer level of configuration possible for the "session" instances.
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</p>
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<p>
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In the "system" instance, libvirt releases from 0.7.0 onwards allow
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control over the user/group that the QEMU virtual machines are run
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as. A build of libvirt with no configuration parameters set will
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still run QEMU processes as root:root. It is possible to change
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this default by using the --with-qemu-user=$USERNAME and
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--with-qemu-group=$GROUPNAME arguments to 'configure' during
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build. It is strongly recommended that vendors build with both
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of these arguments set to 'qemu'. Regardless of this build time
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default, administrators can set a per-host default setting in
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the <code>/etc/libvirt/qemu.conf</code> configuration file via
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the <code>user=$USERNAME</code> and <code>group=$GROUPNAME</code>
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parameters. When a non-root user or group is configured, the
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libvirt QEMU driver will change uid/gid to match immediately
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before executing the QEMU binary for a virtual machine.
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</p>
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<p>
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If QEMU virtual machines from the "system" instance are being
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run as non-root, there will be greater restrictions on what
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host resources the QEMU process will be able to access. The
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libvirtd daemon will attempt to manage permissions on resources
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to minimise the likelihood of unintentional security denials,
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but the administrator / application developer must be aware of
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some of the consequences / restrictions.
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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The directories <code>/var/run/libvirt/qemu/</code>,
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<code>/var/lib/libvirt/qemu/</code> and
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<code>/var/cache/libvirt/qemu/</code> must all have their
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ownership set to match the user / group ID that QEMU
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guests will be run as. If the vendor has set a non-root
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user/group for the QEMU driver at build time, the
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permissions should be set automatically at install time.
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If a host administrator customizes user/group in
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<code>/etc/libvirt/qemu.conf</code>, they will need to
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manually set the ownership on these directories.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>
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When attaching USB and PCI devices to a QEMU guest,
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QEMU will need to access files in <code>/dev/bus/usb</code>
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and <code>/sys/bus/pci/devices</code> respectively. The libvirtd daemon
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will automatically set the ownership on specific devices
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that are assigned to a guest at start time. There should
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not be any need for administrator changes in this respect.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>
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Any files/devices used as guest disk images must be
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accessible to the user/group ID that QEMU guests are
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configured to run as. The libvirtd daemon will automatically
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set the ownership of the file/device path to the correct
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user/group ID. Applications / administrators must be aware
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though that the parent directory permissions may still
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deny access. The directories containing disk images
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must either have their ownership set to match the user/group
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configured for QEMU, or their UNIX file permissions must
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have the 'execute/search' bit enabled for 'others'.
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</p>
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<p>
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The simplest option is the latter one, of just enabling
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the 'execute/search' bit. For any directory to be used
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for storing disk images, this can be achieved by running
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the following command on the directory itself, and any
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parent directories
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</p>
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<pre>
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chmod o+x /path/to/directory
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</pre>
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<p>
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In particular note that if using the "system" instance
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and attempting to store disk images in a user home
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directory, the default permissions on $HOME are typically
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too restrictive to allow access.
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h3><a name="securitycap">Linux process capabilities</a></h3>
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<p>
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The libvirt QEMU driver has a build time option allowing it to use
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the <a href="http://people.redhat.com/sgrubb/libcap-ng/index.html">libcap-ng</a>
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library to manage process capabilities. If this build option is
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enabled, then the QEMU driver will use this to ensure that all
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process capabilities are dropped before executing a QEMU virtual
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machine. Process capabilities are what gives the 'root' account
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its high power, in particular the CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE capability
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is what allows a process running as 'root' to access files owned
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by any user.
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</p>
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<p>
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If the QEMU driver is configured to run virtual machines as non-root,
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then they will already loose all their process capabilities at time
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of startup. The Linux capability feature is thus aimed primarily at
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the scenario where the QEMU processes are running as root. In this
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case, before launching a QEMU virtual machine, libvirtd will use
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libcap-ng APIs to drop all process capabilities. It is important
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for administrators to note that this implies the QEMU process will
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<strong>only</strong> be able to access files owned by root, and
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not files owned by any other user.
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</p>
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<p>
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Thus, if a vendor / distributor has configured their libvirt package
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to run as 'qemu' by default, a number of changes will be required
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before an administrator can change a host to run guests as root.
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In particular it will be necessary to change ownership on the
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directories <code>/var/run/libvirt/qemu/</code>,
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<code>/var/lib/libvirt/qemu/</code> and
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<code>/var/cache/libvirt/qemu/</code> back to root, in addition
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to changing the <code>/etc/libvirt/qemu.conf</code> settings.
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</p>
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<h3><a name="securityselinux">SELinux basic confinement</a></h3>
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<p>
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The basic SELinux protection for QEMU virtual machines is intended to
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protect the host OS from a compromised virtual machine process. There
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is no protection between guests.
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</p>
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<p>
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In the basic model, all QEMU virtual machines run under the confined
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domain <code>root:system_r:qemu_t</code>. It is required that any
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disk image assigned to a QEMU virtual machine is labelled with
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<code>system_u:object_r:virt_image_t</code>. In a default deployment,
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package vendors/distributor will typically ensure that the directory
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<code>/var/lib/libvirt/images</code> has this label, such that any
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disk images created in this directory will automatically inherit the
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correct labelling. If attempting to use disk images in another
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location, the user/administrator must ensure the directory has be
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given this requisite label. Likewise physical block devices must
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be labelled <code>system_u:object_r:virt_image_t</code>.
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</p>
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<p>
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Not all filesystems allow for labelling of individual files. In
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particular NFS, VFat and NTFS have no support for labelling. In
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these cases administrators must use the 'context' option when
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mounting the filesystem to set the default label to
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<code>system_u:object_r:virt_image_t</code>. In the case of
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NFS, there is an alternative option, of enabling the <code>virt_use_nfs</code>
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SELinux boolean.
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</p>
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<h3><a name="securitysvirt">SELinux sVirt confinement</a></h3>
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<p>
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The SELinux sVirt protection for QEMU virtual machines builds to the
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basic level of protection, to also allow individual guests to be
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protected from each other.
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</p>
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<p>
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In the sVirt model, each QEMU virtual machine runs under its own
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confined domain, which is based on <code>system_u:system_r:svirt_t:s0</code>
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with a unique category appended, eg, <code>system_u:system_r:svirt_t:s0:c34,c44</code>.
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The rules are setup such that a domain can only access files which are
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labelled with the matching category level, eg
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<code>system_u:object_r:svirt_image_t:s0:c34,c44</code>. This prevents one
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QEMU process accessing any file resources that are prevent to another QEMU
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process.
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</p>
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<p>
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There are two ways of assigning labels to virtual machines under sVirt.
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In the default setup, if sVirt is enabled, guests will get an automatically
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assigned unique label each time they are booted. The libvirtd daemon will
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also automatically relabel exclusive access disk images to match this
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label. Disks that are marked as <shared> will get a generic
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label <code>system_u:system_r:svirt_image_t:s0</code> allowing all guests
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read/write access them, while disks marked as <readonly> will
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get a generic label <code>system_u:system_r:svirt_content_t:s0</code>
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which allows all guests read-only access.
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</p>
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<p>
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With statically assigned labels, the application should include the
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desired guest and file labels in the XML at time of creating the
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guest with libvirt. In this scenario the application is responsible
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for ensuring the disk images & similar resources are suitably
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labelled to match, libvirtd will not attempt any relabelling.
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</p>
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<p>
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If the sVirt security model is active, then the node capabilities
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XML will include its details. If a virtual machine is currently
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protected by the security model, then the guest XML will include
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its assigned labels. If enabled at compile time, the sVirt security
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model will always be activated if SELinux is available on the host
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OS. To disable sVirt, and revert to the basic level of SELinux
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protection (host protection only), the <code>/etc/libvirt/qemu.conf</code>
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file can be used to change the setting to <code>security_driver="none"</code>
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</p>
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<h3><a name="securitysvirtaa">AppArmor sVirt confinement</a></h3>
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<p>
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When using basic AppArmor protection for the libvirtd daemon and
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QEMU virtual machines, the intention is to protect the host OS
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from a compromised virtual machine process. There is no protection
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between guests.
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</p>
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<p>
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The AppArmor sVirt protection for QEMU virtual machines builds on
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this basic level of protection, to also allow individual guests to
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be protected from each other.
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</p>
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<p>
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In the sVirt model, if a profile is loaded for the libvirtd daemon,
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then each <code>qemu:///system</code> QEMU virtual machine will have
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a profile created for it when the virtual machine is started if one
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does not already exist. This generated profile uses a profile name
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based on the UUID of the QEMU virtual machine and contains rules
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allowing access to only the files it needs to run, such as its disks,
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pid file and log files. Just before the QEMU virtual machine is
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started, the libvirtd daemon will change into this unique profile,
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preventing the QEMU process from accessing any file resources that
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are present in another QEMU process or the host machine.
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</p>
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<p>
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The AppArmor sVirt implementation is flexible in that it allows an
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administrator to customize the template file in
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<code>/etc/apparmor.d/libvirt/TEMPLATE</code> for site-specific
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access for all newly created QEMU virtual machines. Also, when a new
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profile is generated, two files are created:
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<code>/etc/apparmor.d/libvirt/libvirt-<uuid></code> and
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<code>/etc/apparmor.d/libvirt/libvirt-<uuid>.files</code>. The
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former can be fine-tuned by the administrator to allow custom access
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for this particular QEMU virtual machine, and the latter will be
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updated appropriately when required file access changes, such as when
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a disk is added. This flexibility allows for situations such as
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having one virtual machine in complain mode with all others in
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enforce mode.
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</p>
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<p>
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While users can define their own AppArmor profile scheme, a typical
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configuration will include a profile for <code>/usr/sbin/libvirtd</code>,
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<code>/usr/lib/libvirt/virt-aa-helper</code> (a helper program which the
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libvirtd daemon uses instead of manipulating AppArmor directly), and
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an abstraction to be included by <code>/etc/apparmor.d/libvirt/TEMPLATE</code>
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(typically <code>/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/libvirt-qemu</code>).
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An example profile scheme can be found in the examples/apparmor
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directory of the source distribution.
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</p>
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<p>
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If the sVirt security model is active, then the node capabilities
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XML will include its details. If a virtual machine is currently
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protected by the security model, then the guest XML will include
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its assigned profile name. If enabled at compile time, the sVirt
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security model will be activated if AppArmor is available on the host
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OS and a profile for the libvirtd daemon is loaded when libvirtd is
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started. To disable sVirt, and revert to the basic level of AppArmor
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protection (host protection only), the <code>/etc/libvirt/qemu.conf</code>
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file can be used to change the setting to <code>security_driver="none"</code>.
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</p>
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<h3><a name="securityacl">Cgroups device ACLs</a></h3>
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<p>
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Recent Linux kernels have a capability known as "cgroups" which is used
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for resource management. It is implemented via a number of "controllers",
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each controller covering a specific task/functional area. One of the
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available controllers is the "devices" controller, which is able to
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setup whitelists of block/character devices that a cgroup should be
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allowed to access. If the "devices" controller is mounted on a host,
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then libvirt will automatically create a dedicated cgroup for each
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QEMU virtual machine and setup the device whitelist so that the QEMU
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process can only access shared devices, and explicitly disks images
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backed by block devices.
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</p>
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<p>
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The list of shared devices a guest is allowed access to is
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</p>
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<pre>
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/dev/null, /dev/full, /dev/zero,
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/dev/random, /dev/urandom,
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/dev/ptmx, /dev/kvm, /dev/kqemu,
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/dev/rtc, /dev/hpet, /dev/net/tun
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</pre>
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<p>
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In the event of unanticipated needs arising, this can be customized
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via the <code>/etc/libvirt/qemu.conf</code> file.
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To mount the cgroups device controller, the following command
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should be run as root, prior to starting libvirtd
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</p>
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<pre>
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mkdir /dev/cgroup
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mount -t cgroup none /dev/cgroup -o devices
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</pre>
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<p>
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libvirt will then place each virtual machine in a cgroup at
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<code>/dev/cgroup/libvirt/qemu/$VMNAME/</code>
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</p>
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<h2><a name="imex">Import and export of libvirt domain XML configs</a></h2>
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<p>The QEMU driver currently supports a single native
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config format known as <code>qemu-argv</code>. The data for this format
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is expected to be a single line first a list of environment variables,
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then the QEMu binary name, finally followed by the QEMU command line
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arguments</p>
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<h3><a name="xmlimport">Converting from QEMU args to domain XML</a></h3>
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<p>
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The <code>virsh domxml-from-native</code> provides a way to convert an
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existing set of QEMU args into a guest description using libvirt Domain XML
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that can then be used by libvirt.
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</p>
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<pre>$ cat > demo.args <<EOF
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LC_ALL=C PATH=/bin HOME=/home/test USER=test \
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LOGNAME=test /usr/bin/qemu -S -M pc -m 214 -smp 1 \
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-nographic -monitor pty -no-acpi -boot c -hda \
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/dev/HostVG/QEMUGuest1 -net none -serial none \
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-parallel none -usb
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EOF
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$ virsh domxml-from-native qemu-argv demo.args
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<domain type='qemu'>
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<uuid>00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000</uuid>
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<memory>219136</memory>
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<currentMemory>219136</currentMemory>
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<vcpu>1</vcpu>
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<os>
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<type arch='i686' machine='pc'>hvm</type>
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<boot dev='hd'/>
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</os>
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<clock offset='utc'/>
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<on_poweroff>destroy</on_poweroff>
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|
<on_reboot>restart</on_reboot>
|
|
<on_crash>destroy</on_crash>
|
|
<devices>
|
|
<emulator>/usr/bin/qemu</emulator>
|
|
<disk type='block' device='disk'>
|
|
<source dev='/dev/HostVG/QEMUGuest1'/>
|
|
<target dev='hda' bus='ide'/>
|
|
</disk>
|
|
</devices>
|
|
</domain>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>NB, don't include the literral \ in the args, put everything on one line</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="xmlexport">Converting from domain XML to QEMU args</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <code>virsh domxml-to-native</code> provides a way to convert a
|
|
guest description using libvirt Domain XML, into a set of QEMU args
|
|
that can be run manually.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>$ cat > demo.xml <<EOF
|
|
<domain type='qemu'>
|
|
<name>QEMUGuest1</name>
|
|
<uuid>c7a5fdbd-edaf-9455-926a-d65c16db1809</uuid>
|
|
<memory>219200</memory>
|
|
<currentMemory>219200</currentMemory>
|
|
<vcpu>1</vcpu>
|
|
<os>
|
|
<type arch='i686' machine='pc'>hvm</type>
|
|
<boot dev='hd'/>
|
|
</os>
|
|
<clock offset='utc'/>
|
|
<on_poweroff>destroy</on_poweroff>
|
|
<on_reboot>restart</on_reboot>
|
|
<on_crash>destroy</on_crash>
|
|
<devices>
|
|
<emulator>/usr/bin/qemu</emulator>
|
|
<disk type='block' device='disk'>
|
|
<source dev='/dev/HostVG/QEMUGuest1'/>
|
|
<target dev='hda' bus='ide'/>
|
|
</disk>
|
|
</devices>
|
|
</domain>
|
|
EOF
|
|
|
|
$ virsh domxml-to-native qemu-argv demo.xml
|
|
LC_ALL=C PATH=/usr/bin:/bin HOME=/home/test \
|
|
USER=test LOGNAME=test /usr/bin/qemu -S -M pc \
|
|
-no-kqemu -m 214 -smp 1 -name QEMUGuest1 -nographic \
|
|
-monitor pty -no-acpi -boot c -drive \
|
|
file=/dev/HostVG/QEMUGuest1,if=ide,index=0 -net none \
|
|
-serial none -parallel none -usb
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="xmlconfig">Example domain XML config</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<h3>QEMU emulated guest on x86_64</h3>
|
|
|
|
<pre><domain type='qemu'>
|
|
<name>QEmu-fedora-i686</name>
|
|
<uuid>c7a5fdbd-cdaf-9455-926a-d65c16db1809</uuid>
|
|
<memory>219200</memory>
|
|
<currentMemory>219200</currentMemory>
|
|
<vcpu>2</vcpu>
|
|
<os>
|
|
<type arch='i686' machine='pc'>hvm</type>
|
|
<boot dev='cdrom'/>
|
|
</os>
|
|
<devices>
|
|
<emulator>/usr/bin/qemu-system-x86_64</emulator>
|
|
<disk type='file' device='cdrom'>
|
|
<source file='/home/user/boot.iso'/>
|
|
<target dev='hdc'/>
|
|
<readonly/>
|
|
</disk>
|
|
<disk type='file' device='disk'>
|
|
<source file='/home/user/fedora.img'/>
|
|
<target dev='hda'/>
|
|
</disk>
|
|
<interface type='network'>
|
|
<source network='default'/>
|
|
</interface>
|
|
<graphics type='vnc' port='-1'/>
|
|
</devices>
|
|
</domain></pre>
|
|
|
|
<h3>KVM hardware accelerated guest on i686</h3>
|
|
|
|
<pre><domain type='kvm'>
|
|
<name>demo2</name>
|
|
<uuid>4dea24b3-1d52-d8f3-2516-782e98a23fa0</uuid>
|
|
<memory>131072</memory>
|
|
<vcpu>1</vcpu>
|
|
<os>
|
|
<type arch="i686">hvm</type>
|
|
</os>
|
|
<clock sync="localtime"/>
|
|
<devices>
|
|
<emulator>/usr/bin/qemu-kvm</emulator>
|
|
<disk type='file' device='disk'>
|
|
<source file='/var/lib/libvirt/images/demo2.img'/>
|
|
<target dev='hda'/>
|
|
</disk>
|
|
<interface type='network'>
|
|
<source network='default'/>
|
|
<mac address='24:42:53:21:52:45'/>
|
|
</interface>
|
|
<graphics type='vnc' port='-1' keymap='de'/>
|
|
</devices>
|
|
</domain></pre>
|
|
|
|
<h3>Xen paravirtualized guests with hardware acceleration</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|