libvirt/src/util/event_poll.c

/*
 * event.c: event loop for monitoring file handles
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2007, 2010-2011 Red Hat, Inc.
 * Copyright (C) 2007 Daniel P. Berrange
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
 *
 * Author: Daniel P. Berrange <berrange@redhat.com>
 */

#include <config.h>

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <poll.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

#include "threads.h"
#include "logging.h"
#include "event_poll.h"
#include "memory.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "virfile.h"
#include "ignore-value.h"
#include "virterror_internal.h"

#define EVENT_DEBUG(fmt, ...) VIR_DEBUG(fmt, __VA_ARGS__)

#define VIR_FROM_THIS VIR_FROM_EVENT

#define virEventError(code, ...)                                    \
    virReportErrorHelper(VIR_FROM_EVENT, code, __FILE__,            \
                         __FUNCTION__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__)

static int virEventPollInterruptLocked(void);

/* State for a single file handle being monitored */
struct virEventPollHandle {
    int watch;
    int fd;
    int events;
    virEventHandleCallback cb;
    virFreeCallback ff;
    void *opaque;
    int deleted;
};

/* State for a single timer being generated */
struct virEventPollTimeout {
    int timer;
    int frequency;
    unsigned long long expiresAt;
    virEventTimeoutCallback cb;
    virFreeCallback ff;
    void *opaque;
    int deleted;
};

/* Allocate extra slots for virEventPollHandle/virEventPollTimeout
   records in this multiple */
#define EVENT_ALLOC_EXTENT 10

/* State for the main event loop */
struct virEventPollLoop {
    virMutex lock;
    int running;
    virThread leader;
    int wakeupfd[2];
    size_t handlesCount;
    size_t handlesAlloc;
    struct virEventPollHandle *handles;
    size_t timeoutsCount;
    size_t timeoutsAlloc;
    struct virEventPollTimeout *timeouts;
};

/* Only have one event loop */
static struct virEventPollLoop eventLoop;

/* Unique ID for the next FD watch to be registered */
static int nextWatch = 1;

/* Unique ID for the next timer to be registered */
static int nextTimer = 1;

/*
 * Register a callback for monitoring file handle events.
 * NB, it *must* be safe to call this from within a callback
 * For this reason we only ever append to existing list.
 */
int virEventPollAddHandle(int fd, int events,
                          virEventHandleCallback cb,
                          void *opaque,
                          virFreeCallback ff) {
    int watch;
    virMutexLock(&eventLoop.lock);
    if (eventLoop.handlesCount == eventLoop.handlesAlloc) {
        EVENT_DEBUG("Used %zu handle slots, adding at least %d more",
                    eventLoop.handlesAlloc, EVENT_ALLOC_EXTENT);
        if (VIR_RESIZE_N(eventLoop.handles, eventLoop.handlesAlloc,
                         eventLoop.handlesCount, EVENT_ALLOC_EXTENT) < 0) {
            virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    watch = nextWatch++;

    eventLoop.handles[eventLoop.handlesCount].watch = watch;
    eventLoop.handles[eventLoop.handlesCount].fd = fd;
    eventLoop.handles[eventLoop.handlesCount].events =
                                         virEventPollToNativeEvents(events);
    eventLoop.handles[eventLoop.handlesCount].cb = cb;
    eventLoop.handles[eventLoop.handlesCount].ff = ff;
    eventLoop.handles[eventLoop.handlesCount].opaque = opaque;
    eventLoop.handles[eventLoop.handlesCount].deleted = 0;

    eventLoop.handlesCount++;

    virEventPollInterruptLocked();

    PROBE(EVENT_POLL_ADD_HANDLE,
          "watch=%d fd=%d events=%d cb=%p opaque=%p ff=%p",
          watch, fd, events, cb, opaque, ff);
    virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);

    return watch;
}

void virEventPollUpdateHandle(int watch, int events) {
    int i;
    PROBE(EVENT_POLL_UPDATE_HANDLE,
          "watch=%d events=%d",
          watch, events);

    if (watch <= 0) {
        VIR_WARN("Ignoring invalid update watch %d", watch);
        return;
    }

    virMutexLock(&eventLoop.lock);
    for (i = 0 ; i < eventLoop.handlesCount ; i++) {
        if (eventLoop.handles[i].watch == watch) {
            eventLoop.handles[i].events =
                    virEventPollToNativeEvents(events);
            virEventPollInterruptLocked();
            break;
        }
    }
    virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);
}

/*
 * Unregister a callback from a file handle
 * NB, it *must* be safe to call this from within a callback
 * For this reason we only ever set a flag in the existing list.
 * Actual deletion will be done out-of-band
 */
int virEventPollRemoveHandle(int watch) {
    int i;
    PROBE(EVENT_POLL_REMOVE_HANDLE,
          "watch=%d",
          watch);

    if (watch <= 0) {
        VIR_WARN("Ignoring invalid remove watch %d", watch);
        return -1;
    }

    virMutexLock(&eventLoop.lock);
    for (i = 0 ; i < eventLoop.handlesCount ; i++) {
        if (eventLoop.handles[i].deleted)
            continue;

        if (eventLoop.handles[i].watch == watch) {
            EVENT_DEBUG("mark delete %d %d", i, eventLoop.handles[i].fd);
            eventLoop.handles[i].deleted = 1;
            virEventPollInterruptLocked();
            virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);
            return 0;
        }
    }
    virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);
    return -1;
}


/*
 * Register a callback for a timer event
 * NB, it *must* be safe to call this from within a callback
 * For this reason we only ever append to existing list.
 */
int virEventPollAddTimeout(int frequency,
                           virEventTimeoutCallback cb,
                           void *opaque,
                           virFreeCallback ff)
{
    unsigned long long now;
    int ret;

    if (virTimeMs(&now) < 0) {
        return -1;
    }

    virMutexLock(&eventLoop.lock);
    if (eventLoop.timeoutsCount == eventLoop.timeoutsAlloc) {
        EVENT_DEBUG("Used %zu timeout slots, adding at least %d more",
                    eventLoop.timeoutsAlloc, EVENT_ALLOC_EXTENT);
        if (VIR_RESIZE_N(eventLoop.timeouts, eventLoop.timeoutsAlloc,
                         eventLoop.timeoutsCount, EVENT_ALLOC_EXTENT) < 0) {
            virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    eventLoop.timeouts[eventLoop.timeoutsCount].timer = nextTimer++;
    eventLoop.timeouts[eventLoop.timeoutsCount].frequency = frequency;
    eventLoop.timeouts[eventLoop.timeoutsCount].cb = cb;
    eventLoop.timeouts[eventLoop.timeoutsCount].ff = ff;
    eventLoop.timeouts[eventLoop.timeoutsCount].opaque = opaque;
    eventLoop.timeouts[eventLoop.timeoutsCount].deleted = 0;
    eventLoop.timeouts[eventLoop.timeoutsCount].expiresAt =
        frequency >= 0 ? frequency + now : 0;

    eventLoop.timeoutsCount++;
    ret = nextTimer-1;
    virEventPollInterruptLocked();

    PROBE(EVENT_POLL_ADD_TIMEOUT,
          "timer=%d frequency=%d cb=%p opaque=%p ff=%p",
          ret, frequency, cb, opaque, ff);
    virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);
    return ret;
}

void virEventPollUpdateTimeout(int timer, int frequency)
{
    unsigned long long now;
    int i;
    PROBE(EVENT_POLL_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
          "timer=%d frequency=%d",
          timer, frequency);

    if (timer <= 0) {
        VIR_WARN("Ignoring invalid update timer %d", timer);
        return;
    }

    if (virTimeMs(&now) < 0) {
        return;
    }

    virMutexLock(&eventLoop.lock);
    for (i = 0 ; i < eventLoop.timeoutsCount ; i++) {
        if (eventLoop.timeouts[i].timer == timer) {
            eventLoop.timeouts[i].frequency = frequency;
            eventLoop.timeouts[i].expiresAt =
                frequency >= 0 ? frequency + now : 0;
            virEventPollInterruptLocked();
            break;
        }
    }
    virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);
}

/*
 * Unregister a callback for a timer
 * NB, it *must* be safe to call this from within a callback
 * For this reason we only ever set a flag in the existing list.
 * Actual deletion will be done out-of-band
 */
int virEventPollRemoveTimeout(int timer) {
    int i;
    PROBE(EVENT_POLL_REMOVE_TIMEOUT,
          "timer=%d",
          timer);

    if (timer <= 0) {
        VIR_WARN("Ignoring invalid remove timer %d", timer);
        return -1;
    }

    virMutexLock(&eventLoop.lock);
    for (i = 0 ; i < eventLoop.timeoutsCount ; i++) {
        if (eventLoop.timeouts[i].deleted)
            continue;

        if (eventLoop.timeouts[i].timer == timer) {
            eventLoop.timeouts[i].deleted = 1;
            virEventPollInterruptLocked();
            virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);
            return 0;
        }
    }
    virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);
    return -1;
}

/* Iterates over all registered timeouts and determine which
 * will be the first to expire.
 * @timeout: filled with expiry time of soonest timer, or -1 if
 *           no timeout is pending
 * returns: 0 on success, -1 on error
 */
static int virEventPollCalculateTimeout(int *timeout) {
    unsigned long long then = 0;
    int i;
    EVENT_DEBUG("Calculate expiry of %zu timers", eventLoop.timeoutsCount);
    /* Figure out if we need a timeout */
    for (i = 0 ; i < eventLoop.timeoutsCount ; i++) {
        if (eventLoop.timeouts[i].frequency < 0)
            continue;

        EVENT_DEBUG("Got a timeout scheduled for %llu", eventLoop.timeouts[i].expiresAt);
        if (then == 0 ||
            eventLoop.timeouts[i].expiresAt < then)
            then = eventLoop.timeouts[i].expiresAt;
    }

    /* Calculate how long we should wait for a timeout if needed */
    if (then > 0) {
        unsigned long long now;

        if (virTimeMs(&now) < 0)
            return -1;

        *timeout = then - now;
        if (*timeout < 0)
            *timeout = 0;
    } else {
        *timeout = -1;
    }

    EVENT_DEBUG("Timeout at %llu due in %d ms", then, *timeout);

    return 0;
}

/*
 * Allocate a pollfd array containing data for all registered
 * file handles. The caller must free the returned data struct
 * returns: the pollfd array, or NULL on error
 */
static struct pollfd *virEventPollMakePollFDs(int *nfds) {
    struct pollfd *fds;
    int i;

    *nfds = 0;
    for (i = 0 ; i < eventLoop.handlesCount ; i++) {
        if (eventLoop.handles[i].events && !eventLoop.handles[i].deleted)
            (*nfds)++;
    }

    /* Setup the poll file handle data structs */
    if (VIR_ALLOC_N(fds, *nfds) < 0) {
        virReportOOMError();
        return NULL;
    }

    *nfds = 0;
    for (i = 0 ; i < eventLoop.handlesCount ; i++) {
        EVENT_DEBUG("Prepare n=%d w=%d, f=%d e=%d d=%d", i,
                    eventLoop.handles[i].watch,
                    eventLoop.handles[i].fd,
                    eventLoop.handles[i].events,
                    eventLoop.handles[i].deleted);
        if (!eventLoop.handles[i].events || eventLoop.handles[i].deleted)
            continue;
        fds[*nfds].fd = eventLoop.handles[i].fd;
        fds[*nfds].events = eventLoop.handles[i].events;
        fds[*nfds].revents = 0;
        (*nfds)++;
        //EVENT_DEBUG("Wait for %d %d", eventLoop.handles[i].fd, eventLoop.handles[i].events);
    }

    return fds;
}


/*
 * Iterate over all timers and determine if any have expired.
 * Invoke the user supplied callback for each timer whose
 * expiry time is met, and schedule the next timeout. Does
 * not try to 'catch up' on time if the actual expiry time
 * was later than the requested time.
 *
 * This method must cope with new timers being registered
 * by a callback, and must skip any timers marked as deleted.
 *
 * Returns 0 upon success, -1 if an error occurred
 */
static int virEventPollDispatchTimeouts(void)
{
    unsigned long long now;
    int i;
    /* Save this now - it may be changed during dispatch */
    int ntimeouts = eventLoop.timeoutsCount;
    VIR_DEBUG("Dispatch %d", ntimeouts);

    if (virTimeMs(&now) < 0)
        return -1;

    for (i = 0 ; i < ntimeouts ; i++) {
        if (eventLoop.timeouts[i].deleted || eventLoop.timeouts[i].frequency < 0)
            continue;

        /* Add 20ms fuzz so we don't pointlessly spin doing
         * <10ms sleeps, particularly on kernels with low HZ
         * it is fine that a timer expires 20ms earlier than
         * requested
         */
        if (eventLoop.timeouts[i].expiresAt <= (now+20)) {
            virEventTimeoutCallback cb = eventLoop.timeouts[i].cb;
            int timer = eventLoop.timeouts[i].timer;
            void *opaque = eventLoop.timeouts[i].opaque;
            eventLoop.timeouts[i].expiresAt =
                now + eventLoop.timeouts[i].frequency;

            PROBE(EVENT_POLL_DISPATCH_TIMEOUT,
                  "timer=%d",
                  timer);
            virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);
            (cb)(timer, opaque);
            virMutexLock(&eventLoop.lock);
        }
    }
    return 0;
}


/* Iterate over all file handles and dispatch any which
 * have pending events listed in the poll() data. Invoke
 * the user supplied callback for each handle which has
 * pending events
 *
 * This method must cope with new handles being registered
 * by a callback, and must skip any handles marked as deleted.
 *
 * Returns 0 upon success, -1 if an error occurred
 */
static int virEventPollDispatchHandles(int nfds, struct pollfd *fds) {
    int i, n;
    VIR_DEBUG("Dispatch %d", nfds);

    /* NB, use nfds not eventLoop.handlesCount, because new
     * fds might be added on end of list, and they're not
     * in the fds array we've got */
    for (i = 0, n = 0 ; n < nfds && i < eventLoop.handlesCount ; n++) {
        while ((eventLoop.handles[i].fd != fds[n].fd ||
                eventLoop.handles[i].events == 0) &&
               i < eventLoop.handlesCount) {
            i++;
        }
        if (i == eventLoop.handlesCount)
            break;

        VIR_DEBUG("i=%d w=%d", i, eventLoop.handles[i].watch);
        if (eventLoop.handles[i].deleted) {
            EVENT_DEBUG("Skip deleted n=%d w=%d f=%d", i,
                        eventLoop.handles[i].watch, eventLoop.handles[i].fd);
            continue;
        }

        if (fds[n].revents) {
            virEventHandleCallback cb = eventLoop.handles[i].cb;
            int watch = eventLoop.handles[i].watch;
            void *opaque = eventLoop.handles[i].opaque;
            int hEvents = virEventPollFromNativeEvents(fds[n].revents);
            PROBE(EVENT_POLL_DISPATCH_HANDLE,
                  "watch=%d events=%d",
                  watch, hEvents);
            virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);
            (cb)(watch, fds[n].fd, hEvents, opaque);
            virMutexLock(&eventLoop.lock);
        }
    }

    return 0;
}


/* Used post dispatch to actually remove any timers that
 * were previously marked as deleted. This asynchronous
 * cleanup is needed to make dispatch re-entrant safe.
 */
static void virEventPollCleanupTimeouts(void) {
    int i;
    size_t gap;
    VIR_DEBUG("Cleanup %zu", eventLoop.timeoutsCount);

    /* Remove deleted entries, shuffling down remaining
     * entries as needed to form contiguous series
     */
    for (i = 0 ; i < eventLoop.timeoutsCount ; ) {
        if (!eventLoop.timeouts[i].deleted) {
            i++;
            continue;
        }

        PROBE(EVENT_POLL_PURGE_TIMEOUT,
              "timer=%d",
              eventLoop.timeouts[i].timer);
        if (eventLoop.timeouts[i].ff) {
            virFreeCallback ff = eventLoop.timeouts[i].ff;
            void *opaque = eventLoop.timeouts[i].opaque;
            virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);
            ff(opaque);
            virMutexLock(&eventLoop.lock);
        }

        if ((i+1) < eventLoop.timeoutsCount) {
            memmove(eventLoop.timeouts+i,
                    eventLoop.timeouts+i+1,
                    sizeof(struct virEventPollTimeout)*(eventLoop.timeoutsCount
                                                    -(i+1)));
        }
        eventLoop.timeoutsCount--;
    }

    /* Release some memory if we've got a big chunk free */
    gap = eventLoop.timeoutsAlloc - eventLoop.timeoutsCount;
    if (eventLoop.timeoutsCount == 0 ||
        (gap > eventLoop.timeoutsCount && gap > EVENT_ALLOC_EXTENT)) {
        EVENT_DEBUG("Found %zu out of %zu timeout slots used, releasing %zu",
                    eventLoop.timeoutsCount, eventLoop.timeoutsAlloc, gap);
        VIR_SHRINK_N(eventLoop.timeouts, eventLoop.timeoutsAlloc, gap);
    }
}

/* Used post dispatch to actually remove any handles that
 * were previously marked as deleted. This asynchronous
 * cleanup is needed to make dispatch re-entrant safe.
 */
static void virEventPollCleanupHandles(void) {
    int i;
    size_t gap;
    VIR_DEBUG("Cleanup %zu", eventLoop.handlesCount);

    /* Remove deleted entries, shuffling down remaining
     * entries as needed to form contiguous series
     */
    for (i = 0 ; i < eventLoop.handlesCount ; ) {
        if (!eventLoop.handles[i].deleted) {
            i++;
            continue;
        }

        PROBE(EVENT_POLL_PURGE_HANDLE,
              "watch=%d",
              eventLoop.handles[i].watch);
        if (eventLoop.handles[i].ff) {
            virFreeCallback ff = eventLoop.handles[i].ff;
            void *opaque = eventLoop.handles[i].opaque;
            virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);
            ff(opaque);
            virMutexLock(&eventLoop.lock);
        }

        if ((i+1) < eventLoop.handlesCount) {
            memmove(eventLoop.handles+i,
                    eventLoop.handles+i+1,
                    sizeof(struct virEventPollHandle)*(eventLoop.handlesCount
                                                   -(i+1)));
        }
        eventLoop.handlesCount--;
    }

    /* Release some memory if we've got a big chunk free */
    gap = eventLoop.handlesAlloc - eventLoop.handlesCount;
    if (eventLoop.handlesCount == 0 ||
        (gap > eventLoop.handlesCount && gap > EVENT_ALLOC_EXTENT)) {
        EVENT_DEBUG("Found %zu out of %zu handles slots used, releasing %zu",
                    eventLoop.handlesCount, eventLoop.handlesAlloc, gap);
        VIR_SHRINK_N(eventLoop.handles, eventLoop.handlesAlloc, gap);
    }
}

/*
 * Run a single iteration of the event loop, blocking until
 * at least one file handle has an event, or a timer expires
 */
int virEventPollRunOnce(void) {
    struct pollfd *fds = NULL;
    int ret, timeout, nfds;

    virMutexLock(&eventLoop.lock);
    eventLoop.running = 1;
    virThreadSelf(&eventLoop.leader);

    virEventPollCleanupTimeouts();
    virEventPollCleanupHandles();

    if (!(fds = virEventPollMakePollFDs(&nfds)) ||
        virEventPollCalculateTimeout(&timeout) < 0)
        goto error;

    virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);

 retry:
    PROBE(EVENT_POLL_RUN,
          "nhandles=%d imeout=%d",
          nfds, timeout);
    ret = poll(fds, nfds, timeout);
    if (ret < 0) {
        EVENT_DEBUG("Poll got error event %d", errno);
        if (errno == EINTR) {
            goto retry;
        }
        virReportSystemError(errno, "%s",
                             _("Unable to poll on file handles"));
        goto error_unlocked;
    }
    EVENT_DEBUG("Poll got %d event(s)", ret);

    virMutexLock(&eventLoop.lock);
    if (virEventPollDispatchTimeouts() < 0)
        goto error;

    if (ret > 0 &&
        virEventPollDispatchHandles(nfds, fds) < 0)
        goto error;

    virEventPollCleanupTimeouts();
    virEventPollCleanupHandles();

    eventLoop.running = 0;
    virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);
    VIR_FREE(fds);
    return 0;

error:
    virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);
error_unlocked:
    VIR_FREE(fds);
    return -1;
}


static void virEventPollHandleWakeup(int watch ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
                                     int fd,
                                     int events ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
                                     void *opaque ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED)
{
    char c;
    virMutexLock(&eventLoop.lock);
    ignore_value(saferead(fd, &c, sizeof(c)));
    virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);
}

int virEventPollInit(void)
{
    if (virMutexInit(&eventLoop.lock) < 0) {
        virReportSystemError(errno, "%s",
                             _("Unable to initialize mutex"));
        return -1;
    }

    if (pipe2(eventLoop.wakeupfd, O_CLOEXEC | O_NONBLOCK) < 0) {
        virReportSystemError(errno, "%s",
                             _("Unable to setup wakeup pipe"));
        return -1;
    }

    if (virEventPollAddHandle(eventLoop.wakeupfd[0],
                              VIR_EVENT_HANDLE_READABLE,
                              virEventPollHandleWakeup, NULL, NULL) < 0) {
        virEventError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
                      _("Unable to add handle %d to event loop"),
                      eventLoop.wakeupfd[0]);
        VIR_FORCE_CLOSE(eventLoop.wakeupfd[0]);
        VIR_FORCE_CLOSE(eventLoop.wakeupfd[1]);
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}

static int virEventPollInterruptLocked(void)
{
    char c = '\0';

    if (!eventLoop.running ||
        virThreadIsSelf(&eventLoop.leader)) {
        VIR_DEBUG("Skip interrupt, %d %d", eventLoop.running,
                  virThreadID(&eventLoop.leader));
        return 0;
    }

    VIR_DEBUG("Interrupting");
    if (safewrite(eventLoop.wakeupfd[1], &c, sizeof(c)) != sizeof(c))
        return -1;
    return 0;
}

int virEventPollInterrupt(void)
{
    int ret;
    virMutexLock(&eventLoop.lock);
    ret = virEventPollInterruptLocked();
    virMutexUnlock(&eventLoop.lock);
    return ret;
}

int
virEventPollToNativeEvents(int events)
{
    int ret = 0;
    if(events & VIR_EVENT_HANDLE_READABLE)
        ret |= POLLIN;
    if(events & VIR_EVENT_HANDLE_WRITABLE)
        ret |= POLLOUT;
    if(events & VIR_EVENT_HANDLE_ERROR)
        ret |= POLLERR;
    if(events & VIR_EVENT_HANDLE_HANGUP)
        ret |= POLLHUP;
    return ret;
}

int
virEventPollFromNativeEvents(int events)
{
    int ret = 0;
    if(events & POLLIN)
        ret |= VIR_EVENT_HANDLE_READABLE;
    if(events & POLLOUT)
        ret |= VIR_EVENT_HANDLE_WRITABLE;
    if(events & POLLERR)
        ret |= VIR_EVENT_HANDLE_ERROR;
    if(events & POLLNVAL) /* Treat NVAL as error, since libvirt doesn't distinguish */
        ret |= VIR_EVENT_HANDLE_ERROR;
    if(events & POLLHUP)
        ret |= VIR_EVENT_HANDLE_HANGUP;
    return ret;
}