On all the places where qemuAgentComand() was called, we did a check
for errors in the reply. Unfortunately, some of the places called
qemuAgentCheckError() without checking for non-null reply which might
have resulted in a crash.
So this patch makes the error-checking part of qemuAgentCommand()
itself, which:
a) makes it look better,
b) makes the check mandatory and, most importantly,
c) checks for the errors if and only if it is appropriate.
This actually fixes a potential crashers when qemuAgentComand()
returned 0, but reply was NULL. Having said that, it *should* fix the
following bug:
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1058149
Signed-off-by: Martin Kletzander <mkletzan@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit 5b3492fadb)
Conflicts:
src/qemu/qemu_agent.c -- vCPU functions (3099c063)
The code for arbitrary guest agent passthrough was horribly broken since
introduction. Fix it to correctly report errors.
(cherry picked from commit 6e5b36d5d2)
Currently, we use pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, ...) prior to calling
poll(). This is okay, as we don't want poll() to be interrupted.
However, then - immediately as we fall out from the poll() - we try to
restore the original sigmask - again using SIG_BLOCK. But as the man
page says, SIG_BLOCK adds signals to the signal mask:
SIG_BLOCK
The set of blocked signals is the union of the current set and the set argument.
Therefore, when restoring the original mask, we need to completely
overwrite the one we set earlier and hence we should be using:
SIG_SETMASK
The set of blocked signals is set to the argument set.
Signed-off-by: Michal Privoznik <mprivozn@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit 3d4b4f5ac6)
The nwfilter conf update mutex previously serialized
updates to the internal data structures for firewall
rules, and updates to the firewall itself. The latter
was recently turned into a read/write lock, and filter
instantiation allowed to proceed in parallel. It was
believed that this was ok, since each filter is created
on a separate iptables/ebtables chain.
It turns out that there is a subtle lock ordering problem
on virNWFilterObjPtr instances. __virNWFilterInstantiateFilter
will hold a lock on the virNWFilterObjPtr it is instantiating.
This in turn invokes virNWFilterInstantiate which then invokes
virNWFilterDetermineMissingVarsRec which then invokes
virNWFilterObjFindByName. This iterates over every single
virNWFilterObjPtr in the list, locking them and checking their
name. So if 2 or more threads try to instantiate a filter in
parallel, they'll all hold 1 lock at the top level in the
__virNWFilterInstantiateFilter method which will cause the
other thread to deadlock in virNWFilterObjFindByName.
The fix is to add an exclusive mutex to serialize the
execution of __virNWFilterInstantiateFilter.
Signed-off-by: Daniel P. Berrange <berrange@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit 925de19ed7)
Conflicts:
src/nwfilter/nwfilter_gentech_driver.c
The NWFilter code has as a deadlock race condition between
the virNWFilter{Define,Undefine} APIs and starting of guest
VMs due to mis-matched lock ordering.
In the virNWFilter{Define,Undefine} codepaths the lock ordering
is
1. nwfilter driver lock
2. virt driver lock
3. nwfilter update lock
4. domain object lock
In the VM guest startup paths the lock ordering is
1. virt driver lock
2. domain object lock
3. nwfilter update lock
As can be seen the domain object and nwfilter update locks are
not acquired in a consistent order.
The fix used is to push the nwfilter update lock upto the top
level resulting in a lock ordering for virNWFilter{Define,Undefine}
of
1. nwfilter driver lock
2. nwfilter update lock
3. virt driver lock
4. domain object lock
and VM start using
1. nwfilter update lock
2. virt driver lock
3. domain object lock
This has the effect of serializing VM startup once again, even if
no nwfilters are applied to the guest. There is also the possibility
of deadlock due to a call graph loop via virNWFilterInstantiate
and virNWFilterInstantiateFilterLate.
These two problems mean the lock must be turned into a read/write
lock instead of a plain mutex at the same time. The lock is used to
serialize changes to the "driver->nwfilters" hash, so the write lock
only needs to be held by the define/undefine methods. All other
methods can rely on a read lock which allows good concurrency.
Signed-off-by: Daniel P. Berrange <berrange@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit 6e5c79a1b5)
Conflicts:
src/conf/nwfilter_conf.c
- virReportOOMError() in context of one hunk.
src/lxc/lxc_driver.c
- trivial date conflict in copyright line
- functions renamed, and lxc object locking changed, creating
a conflict in the context.
src/qemu/qemu_driver.c
- qemuDomainStartWithFlags (called qemuDomainCreateWithFlags
upstream) gets the domain object using
qemuDomObjFromDomain() upstream, but
virDomainObjListFindByUUID() in 1.0.4. This creates a
small conflict in context.
Add virRWLock backed up by a POSIX rwlock primitive
Signed-off-by: Daniel P. Berrange <berrange@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit c065984b58)
Conflicts:
src/libvirt_private.syms
- virThreadCancel (in context) was introduced after 1.0.3 branch
The virConnectPtr is passed around loads of nwfilter code in
order to provide it as a parameter to the callback registered
by the virt drivers. None of the virt drivers use this param
though, so it serves no purpose.
Avoiding the need to pass a virConnectPtr means that the
nwfilterStateReload method no longer needs to open a bogus
QEMU driver connection. This addresses a race condition that
can lead to a crash on startup.
The nwfilter driver starts before the QEMU driver and registers
some callbacks with DBus to detect firewalld reload. If the
firewalld reload happens while the QEMU driver is still starting
up though, the nwfilterStateReload method will open a connection
to the partially initialized QEMU driver and cause a crash.
Signed-off-by: Daniel P. Berrange <berrange@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit 999d72fbd5)
Conflicts:
src/nwfilter/nwfilter_driver.c
- *EnsureACL*() was added after this branch was created, and
caused two small conflicts in the context around a hunk.
- nwfilterDriverReload() was renamed to nwfilterStateReload()
upstream.
The nwfilter driver only needs a reference to its private
state object, not a full virConnectPtr. Update the domUpdateCBStruct
struct to have a 'void *opaque' field instead of a virConnectPtr.
Signed-off-by: Daniel P. Berrange <berrange@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit ebca369e3f)
None of the virNWFilterDefParse* methods require a virConnectPtr
arg, so just drop it
Signed-off-by: Daniel P. Berrange <berrange@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit b77b16ce41)
For inexplicable reasons, the nwfilter XML parser is intentionally
ignoring errors that arise during parsing. As well as meaning that
users don't get any feedback on their XML mistakes, this will lead
it to silently drop data in OOM conditions.
Signed-off-by: Daniel P. Berrange <berrange@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit 4f2094346d)
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1047577
When writing commit 173c291, I missed the fact virNetServerClientClose
unlocks the client object before actually clearing client->sock and thus
it is possible to hit a window when client->keepalive is NULL while
client->sock is not NULL. I was thinking client->sock == NULL was a
better check for a closed connection but apparently we have to go with
client->keepalive == NULL to actually fix the crash.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Denemark <jdenemar@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit 066c8ef6c1)
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1047577
When a client closes its connection to libvirtd early during
virConnectOpen, more specifically just after making
REMOTE_PROC_CONNECT_SUPPORTS_FEATURE call to check if
VIR_DRV_FEATURE_PROGRAM_KEEPALIVE is supported without even waiting for
the result, libvirtd may crash due to a race in keep-alive
initialization. Once receiving the REMOTE_PROC_CONNECT_SUPPORTS_FEATURE
call, the daemon's event loop delegates it to a worker thread. In case
the event loop detects EOF on the connection and calls
virNetServerClientClose before the worker thread starts to handle
REMOTE_PROC_CONNECT_SUPPORTS_FEATURE call, client->keepalive will be
disposed by the time virNetServerClientStartKeepAlive gets called from
remoteDispatchConnectSupportsFeature. Because the flow is common for
both authenticated and read-only connections, even unprivileged clients
may cause the daemon to crash.
To avoid the crash, virNetServerClientStartKeepAlive needs to check if
the connection is still open before starting keep-alive protocol.
Every libvirt release since 0.9.8 is affected by this bug.
(cherry picked from commit 173c291473)
Every API that is going to begin a job should do that before fetching
data from vm->def.
(cherry picked from commit ff5f30b6bf)
Conflicts:
src/qemu/qemu_driver.c - context
CVE-2013-6458
Generally, every API that is going to begin a job should do that before
fetching data from vm->def. However, qemuDomainGetBlockInfo does not
know whether it will have to start a job or not before checking vm->def.
To avoid using disk alias that might have been freed while we were
waiting for a job, we use its copy. In case the disk was removed in the
meantime, we will fail with "cannot find statistics for device '...'"
error message.
(cherry picked from commit b799259583)
Conflicts:
src/qemu/qemu_driver.c - VIR_STRDUP not backported
CVE-2013-6458
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1043069
When virDomainDetachDeviceFlags is called concurrently to
virDomainBlockStats: libvirtd may crash because qemuDomainBlockStats
finds a disk in vm->def before getting a job on a domain and uses the
disk pointer after getting the job. However, the domain in unlocked
while waiting on a job condition and thus data behind the disk pointer
may disappear. This happens when thread 1 runs
virDomainDetachDeviceFlags and enters monitor to actually remove the
disk. Then another thread starts running virDomainBlockStats, finds the
disk in vm->def, and while it's waiting on the job condition (owned by
the first thread), the first thread finishes the disk removal. When the
second thread gets the job, the memory pointed to be the disk pointer is
already gone.
That said, every API that is going to begin a job should do that before
fetching data from vm->def.
(cherry picked from commit db86da5ca2)
Conflicts:
src/qemu/qemu_driver.c - context: no ACLs
While working on v1.0.5-maint (the branch in use on Fedora 19)
with the host at Fedora 20, I got a failure in virstoragetest.
I traced it to the fact that we were using qemu-img to create a
qcow2 file, but qemu-img changed from creating v2 files by
default in F19 to creating v3 files in F20. Rather than leaving
it up to qemu-img, it is better to write the test to force
testing of BOTH file formats (better code coverage and all).
This patch alone does not fix all the failures in v1.0.5-maint;
for that, we must decide to either teach the older branch to
understand v3 files, or to reject them outright as unsupported.
But for upstream, making the test less dependent on changing
qemu-img defaults is always a good thing.
* tests/virstoragetest.c (testPrepImages): Simplify creation of
raw file; check if qemu supports compat and if so use it.
Signed-off-by: Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit 974e591452)
Conflicts:
tests/virstoragetest.c - hardcode test to v2, since this branch doesn't handle v3 correctly
Newer pod (hello rawhide) complains if you attempt to mix bullets
and non-bullets in the same list:
virsh.pod around line 3177: Expected text after =item, not a bullet
As our intent was to nest an inner list, we make that explicit to
keep pod happy.
* tools/virsh.pod (ENVIRONMENT): Use correct pod syntax.
(cherry picked from commit 00d69b4af1)
Xen 4.3 fixes a mistake in the libxl event handler signature where the
event owned by the application was defined as const. Detect this and
define the libvirt libxl event handler signature appropriately.
(cherry picked from commit 43b0ff5b1e)
Introduced by 7b87a3
When I quit the process which only register VIR_DOMAIN_EVENT_ID_REBOOT,
I got error like:
"libvirt: XML-RPC error : internal error: domain event 0 not registered".
Then I add the following code, it fixed.
Signed-off-by: Zhou Yimin <zhouyimin@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit 9712c2510e)
Introduced by commit 1daa4ba33a. vshCommandOptStringReq returns
0 on *success* or the option is not required && not present, both
are right result. Error out when returning 0 is not correct.
the caller, it doesn't have to check wether it
(cherry picked from commit 2a3a725c33)
The 'stats' variable was not initialized to NULL, so if some
early validation of the RPC call fails, it is possible to jump
to the 'cleanup' label and VIR_FREE an uninitialized pointer.
This is a security flaw, since the API can be called from a
readonly connection which can trigger the validation checks.
This was introduced in release v0.9.1 onwards by
commit 158ba8730e
Author: Daniel P. Berrange <berrange@redhat.com>
Date: Wed Apr 13 16:21:35 2011 +0100
Merge all returns paths from dispatcher into single path
Signed-off-by: Daniel P. Berrange <berrange@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit e7f400a110)
Conflicts:
daemon/remote.c - context
Upstream gnulib determined that we were needlessly compiling in
gnulib's regex instead of glibc's when targetting new-enough glibc,
because the m4 test was being too strict in requiring a particular
answer to undefined behavior.
https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-gnulib/2013-04/msg00032.html
* .gnulib: Update to latest, for regex.
(cherry picked from commit 842432390b)
While this update doesn't address any reported problems in libvirt,
doing a post-release update to latest gnulib makes it easier to
stay in sync with best upstream practices.
* .gnulib: Update to latest.
* bootstrap: Resynchronize.
(cherry picked from commit d7468b7d47)
The src/lxc/lxc_*_dispatch.h files only had deps on the
RPC generator script & the XDR definition file. So when
the Makefile.am args passed to the generator were change,
the disaptch code was not re-generated. This caused a
build failure
CC libvirt_lxc-lxc_controller.o
lxc/lxc_controller.c: In function 'virLXCControllerSetupServer':
lxc/lxc_controller.c:718:47: error: 'virLXCMonitorProcs' undeclared (first use in this function)
lxc/lxc_controller.c:718:47: note: each undeclared identifier is reported only once for each function it appears in
lxc/lxc_controller.c:719:47: error: 'virLXCMonitorNProcs' undeclared (first use in this function)
make[3]: *** [libvirt_lxc-lxc_controller.o] Error 1
For added fun, the generated files were not listed in
CLEANFILES, so only a 'git clean -f' would fix the build
Signed-off-by: Daniel P. Berrange <berrange@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit 0946c5f5fc)
With the existing pkcheck (pid, start time) tuple for identifying
the process, there is a race condition, where a process can make
a libvirt RPC call and in another thread exec a setuid application,
causing it to change to effective UID 0. This in turn causes polkit
to do its permission check based on the wrong UID.
To address this, libvirt must get the UID the caller had at time
of connect() (from SO_PEERCRED) and pass a (pid, start time, uid)
triple to the pkcheck program.
Signed-off-by: Colin Walters <walters@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Daniel P. Berrange <berrange@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit 922b7fda77)
Conflicts:
src/access/viraccessdriverpolkit.c
Resolution:
Dropped file that does not exist in this branch.
Since PIDs can be reused, polkit prefers to be given
a (PID,start time) pair. If given a PID on its own,
it will attempt to lookup the start time in /proc/pid/stat,
though this is subject to races.
It is safer if the client app resolves the PID start
time itself, because as long as the app has the client
socket open, the client PID won't be reused.
Signed-off-by: Daniel P. Berrange <berrange@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit 979e9c56a7)
Conflicts:
src/util/virprocess.c
src/util/virstring.c
src/util/virstring.h
src/rpc/virnetserverclient.c
src/rpc/virnetsocket.h
src/util/viridentity.h
Don't reuse the return value of virStorageBackendFileSystemIsMounted.
If it's 0, we'd return it even if the mount command failed.
Also, don't report another error if it's -1, since one has already
been reported.
Introduced by 258e06c.
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=981251
(cherry picked from commit 13fde7ceab)
If networkUnplugBandwidth is called on a network which has
no bandwidth defined, print a warning instead of crashing.
This can happen when destroying a domain with bandwidth if
bandwidth was removed from the network after the domain was
started.
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=975359
(cherry picked from commit 658c932ab4)
Don't check for '\n' at the end of file if zero bytes were read.
Found by valgrind:
==404== Invalid read of size 1
==404== at 0x529B09F: virCgroupGetValueStr (vircgroup.c:540)
==404== by 0x529AF64: virCgroupMoveTask (vircgroup.c:1079)
==404== by 0x1EB475: qemuSetupCgroupForEmulator (qemu_cgroup.c:1061)
==404== by 0x1D9489: qemuProcessStart (qemu_process.c:3801)
==404== by 0x18557E: qemuDomainObjStart (qemu_driver.c:5787)
==404== by 0x190FA4: qemuDomainCreateWithFlags (qemu_driver.c:5839)
Introduced by 0d0b409.
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=978356
(cherry picked from commit 306c49ffd5)
Free the old XML strings before overwriting them if the user
has chosen to reedit the file or force the redefinition.
Found by Alex Jia trying to reproduce another bug:
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=977430#c3
(cherry picked from commit 1e3a252974)
This should resolve:
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=959191
The problem was that qemuUpdateActivePciHostdevs was returning 0
(success) when no hostdevs were present, but would otherwise return -1
(failure) even when it completed successfully. It is only called from
qemuProcessReconnect(), and when qemuProcessReconnect got back an
error, it would not only stop reconnecting, but would terminate the
guest qemu process "to remove danger of it ending up running twice if
user tries to start it again later".
(This bug was introduced in commit 011cf7ad, which was pushed between
v1.0.2 and v1.0.3, so all maintenance branches from v1.0.3 up to 1.0.5
will need this one line patch applied.)
(cherry picked from commit 2ea45647bc)
CVE-2013-1962
remoteDispatchStoragePoolListAllVolumes wasn't freeing the pool.
The pool also held a reference to the connection, preventing it from
getting freed and closing the netcf interface driver, which held two
sockets open.
(cherry picked from commit ca697e90d5)
Don't print the pool option name if it's null.
Before:
virsh # vol-name vol
error: failed to get vol 'vol', specifying --(null) might help
error: Storage volume not found: no storage vol with matching path vol
After:
virsh # vol-name vol
error: failed to get vol 'vol'
error: Storage volume not found: no storage vol with matching path vol
Bug: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=924571
(cherry picked from commit 7f913c8254)
Since the refactoring in fbe2d49 we call virSecretFree even if
virSecretDefineXML fails, which leads to overwriting the error
message with:
error: Invalid secret: virSecretFree
Bug: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=929045
(cherry picked from commit bfb4b82257)
When creating a logical volume with virStorageVolCreateXMLFrom,
"qemu-img convert" is called internally if clonevol is a file volume.
Then, vol->target.format is used as output_fmt parameter but the
target.format of logical volumes is always 0 because logical volumes
haven't the volume format type element.
Fortunately, 0 was treated as RAW file format before commit f772b3d9,
so there was no problem. But now, 0 is treated as the type of none,
qemu-img fails with "Unknown file format 'none'".
This patch fixes this issue by treating output block devices as RAW
file format like for input block devices.
Signed-off-by: Atsushi Kumagai <kumagai-atsushi@mxc.nes.nec.co.jp>
(cherry picked from commit d369e50825)
When building with --without-libvirtd and udev support is detected we
will fail to build with the following error:
node_device/node_device_udev.c:1608:37: error: unknown type name
'virStateInhibitCallback'
(cherry picked from commit 52ad612c1e)
We've already scrubbed for comparisons of 'uid_t == -1' (which fail
on platforms where uid_t is a u16), but another one snuck in.
* src/util/virutil.c (virSetUIDGIDWithCaps): Correct uid comparison.
* cfg.mk (sc_prohibit_risky_id_promotion): New rule.
(cherry picked from commit 7af86379ef)
My commit 7a2e845a86 (and its
prerequisites) managed to effectively ignore the
clear_emulator_capabilities setting in qemu.conf (visible in the code
as the VIR_EXEC_CLEAR_CAPS flag when qemu is being exec'ed), with the
result that the capabilities are always cleared regardless of the
qemu.conf setting. This patch fixes it by passing the flag through to
virSetUIDGIDWithCaps(), which uses it to decide whether or not to
clear existing capabilities before adding in those that were
requested.
Note that the existing capabilities are *always* cleared if the new
process is going to run as non-root, since the whole point of running
non-root is to have the capabilities removed (it's still possible to
maintain individual capabilities as needed using the capBits argument
though).
(cherry picked from commit 2639c6320647778c1496008058dde57dfca35b92)
In some startup failure modes, the fuse thread may get itself
wedged. This will cause the entire libvirt_lxc process to
hang trying to the join the thread. There is no compelling
reason to wait for the thread to exit if the whole process
is exiting, so just daemonize the fuse thread instead.
Signed-off-by: Daniel P. Berrange <berrange@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit e31f32c6a3)
Properly check the return value of vshCommandOptStringReq for xmlfile:
* error out on incorrect input (--xmlfile '')
* use default XML <domainsnapshot/> with no --xmlfile specified
(Broken by commit b2e8585)
Bug: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=919826
(cherry picked from commit 2fc5ff11ab)
otherwise we crash with
#0 virUSBDeviceListFind (list=0x0, dev=dev@entry=0x8193d70) at util/virusb.c:526
#1 0xb1a4995b in virLXCPrepareHostdevUSBDevices (driver=driver@entry=0x815d9a0, name=0x815dbf8 "debian-700267", list=list@entry=0x81d8f08) at lxc/lxc_hostdev.c:88
#2 0xb1a49fce in virLXCPrepareHostUSBDevices (def=0x8193af8, driver=0x815d9a0) at lxc/lxc_hostdev.c:261
#3 virLXCPrepareHostDevices (driver=driver@entry=0x815d9a0, def=0x8193af8) at lxc/lxc_hostdev.c:328
#4 0xb1a4c5b1 in virLXCProcessStart (conn=0x817d3f8, driver=driver@entry=0x815d9a0, vm=vm@entry=0x8190908, autoDestroy=autoDestroy@entry=false, reason=reason@entry=VIR_DOMAIN_RUNNING_BOOTED)
at lxc/lxc_process.c:1068
#5 0xb1a57e00 in lxcDomainStartWithFlags (dom=dom@entry=0x815e460, flags=flags@entry=0) at lxc/lxc_driver.c:1014
#6 0xb1a57fc3 in lxcDomainStart (dom=0x815e460) at lxc/lxc_driver.c:1046
#7 0xb79c8375 in virDomainCreate (domain=domain@entry=0x815e460) at libvirt.c:8450
#8 0x08078959 in remoteDispatchDomainCreate (args=0x81920a0, rerr=0xb65c21d0, client=0xb0d00490, server=<optimized out>, msg=<optimized out>) at remote_dispatch.h:1066
#9 remoteDispatchDomainCreateHelper (server=0x80c4928, client=0xb0d00490, msg=0xb0d005b0, rerr=0xb65c21d0, args=0x81920a0, ret=0x815d208) at remote_dispatch.h:1044
#10 0xb7a36901 in virNetServerProgramDispatchCall (msg=0xb0d005b0, client=0xb0d00490, server=0x80c4928, prog=0x80c6438) at rpc/virnetserverprogram.c:432
#11 virNetServerProgramDispatch (prog=0x80c6438, server=server@entry=0x80c4928, client=0xb0d00490, msg=0xb0d005b0) at rpc/virnetserverprogram.c:305
#12 0xb7a300a7 in virNetServerProcessMsg (msg=<optimized out>, prog=<optimized out>, client=<optimized out>, srv=0x80c4928) at rpc/virnetserver.c:162
#13 virNetServerHandleJob (jobOpaque=0xb0d00510, opaque=0x80c4928) at rpc/virnetserver.c:183
#14 0xb7924f98 in virThreadPoolWorker (opaque=opaque@entry=0x80a94b0) at util/virthreadpool.c:144
#15 0xb7924515 in virThreadHelper (data=0x80a9440) at util/virthreadpthread.c:161
#16 0xb7887c39 in start_thread (arg=0xb65c2b70) at pthread_create.c:304
#17 0xb77eb78e in clone () at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/clone.S:130
when adding a domain with a usb device. This is Debian bug
http://bugs.debian.org/700267
(cherry picked from commit 6082bc27d0)