XML Format

This section describes the XML format used to represent domains, there are variations on the format based on the kind of domains run and the options used to launch them:

• Normal paravirtualized Xen domains
• Fully virtualized Xen domains
• KVM domains
• QEmu domains

The formats try as much as possible to follow the same structure and reuse elements and attributes where it makes sense.

Normal paravirtualized Xen domains:

The library use an XML format to describe domains, as input to virDomainCreateLinux() and as the output of virDomainGetXMLDesc(), the following is an example of the format as returned by the shell command virsh xmldump fc4 , where fc4 was one of the running domains:

<domain type='xen' id='18'>
  <name>fc4</name>
  <os>
    <type>linux</type>
    <kernel>/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.15-1.43_FC5guest</kernel>
    <initrd>/boot/initrd-2.6.15-1.43_FC5guest.img</initrd>
    <root>/dev/sda1</root>
    <cmdline> ro selinux=0 3</cmdline>
  </os>
  <memory>131072</memory>
  <vcpu>1</vcpu>
  <devices>
    <disk type='file'>
      <source file='/u/fc4.img'/>
      <target dev='sda1'/>
    </disk>
    <interface type='bridge'>
      <source bridge='xenbr0'/>
      <mac address='aa:00:00:00:00:11'/>
      <script path='/etc/xen/scripts/vif-bridge'/>
    </interface>
    <console tty='/dev/pts/5'/>
  </devices>
</domain>

The root element must be called domain with no namespace, the type attribute indicates the kind of hypervisor used, 'xen' is the default value. The id attribute gives the domain id at runtime (not however that this may change, for example if the domain is saved to disk and restored). The domain has a few children whose order is not significant:

• name: the domain name, preferably ASCII based
• memory: the maximum memory allocated to the domain in kilobytes
• vcpu: the number of virtual cpu configured for the domain
• os: a block describing the Operating System, its content will be dependant on the OS type
  • type: indicate the OS type, always linux at this point
  • kernel: path to the kernel on the Domain 0 filesystem
  • initrd: an optional path for the init ramdisk on the Domain 0 filesystem
  • cmdline: optional command line to the kernel
  • root: the root filesystem from the guest viewpoint, it may be passed as part of the cmdline content too
• devices: a list of disk, interface and console descriptions in no special order

The format of the devices and their type may grow over time, but the following should be sufficient for basic use:

A disk device indicates a block device, it can have two values for the type attribute either 'file' or 'block' corresponding to the 2 options availble at the Xen layer. It has two mandatory children, and one optional one in no specific order:

• source with a file attribute containing the path in Domain 0 to the file or a dev attribute if using a block device, containing the device name ('hda5' or '/dev/hda5')
• target indicates in a dev attribute the device where it is mapped in the guest
• readonly an optional empty element indicating the device is read-only

An interface element describes a network device mapped on the guest, it also has a type whose value is currently 'bridge', it also have a number of children in no specific order:

• source: indicating the bridge name
• mac: the optional mac address provided in the address attribute
• ip: the optional IP address provided in the address attribute
• script: the script used to bridge the interfcae in the Domain 0
• target: and optional target indicating the device name.

A console element describes a serial console connection to the guest. It has no children, and a single attribute tty which provides the path to the Pseudo TTY on which the guest console can be accessed

Life cycle actions for the domain can also be expressed in the XML format, they drive what should be happening if the domain crashes, is rebooted or is poweroff. There is various actions possible when this happen:

• destroy: The domain is cleaned up (that's the default normal processing in Xen)
• restart: A new domain is started in place of the old one with the same configuration parameters
• preserve: The domain will remain in memory until it is destroyed manually, it won't be running but allows for post-mortem debugging
• rename-restart: a variant of the previous one but where the old domain is renamed before being saved to allow a restart

The following could be used for a Xen production system:

<domain>
  ...
  <on_reboot>restart</on_reboot>
  <on_poweroff>destroy</on_poweroff>
  <on_crash>rename-restart</on_crash>
  ...
</domain>

While the format may be extended in various ways as support for more hypervisor types and features are added, it is expected that this core subset will remain functional in spite of the evolution of the library.

Fully virtualized guests (added in 0.1.3):

Here is an example of a domain description used to start a fully virtualized (a.k.a. HVM) Xen domain. This requires hardware virtualization support at the processor level but allows to run unmodified operating systems:

<domain type='xen' id='3'>
  <name>fv0</name>
  <uuid>4dea22b31d52d8f32516782e98ab3fa0</uuid>
  <os>
    <type>hvm</type>
    <loader>/usr/lib/xen/boot/hvmloader</loader>
    <boot dev='hd'/>
  </os>
  <memory>524288</memory>
  <vcpu>1</vcpu>
  <on_poweroff>destroy</on_poweroff>
  <on_reboot>restart</on_reboot>
  <on_crash>restart</on_crash>
  <features>
     <pae/>
     <acpi/>
     <apic/>
  </features>
  <devices>
    <emulator>/usr/lib/xen/bin/qemu-dm</emulator>
    <interface type='bridge'>
      <source bridge='xenbr0'/>
      <mac address='00:16:3e:5d:c7:9e'/>
      <script path='vif-bridge'/>
    </interface>
    <disk type='file'>
      <source file='/root/fv0'/>
      <target dev='hda'/>
    </disk>
    <disk type='file' device='cdrom'>
      <source file='/root/fc5-x86_64-boot.iso'/>
      <target dev='hdc'/>
      <readonly/>
    </disk>
    <disk type='file' device='floppy'>
      <source file='/root/fd.img'/>
      <target dev='fda'/>
    </disk>
    <graphics type='vnc' port='5904'/>
  </devices>
</domain>

There is a few things to notice specifically for HVM domains:

• the optional <features> block is used to enable certain guest CPU / system features. For HVM guests the following features are defined:
  • pae - enable PAE memory addressing
  • apic - enable IO APIC
  • acpi - enable ACPI bios
• the <os> block description is very different, first it indicates that the type is 'hvm' for hardware virtualization, then instead of a kernel, boot and command line arguments, it points to an os boot loader which will extract the boot informations from the boot device specified in a separate boot element. The dev attribute on the boot tag can be one of:
  • fd - boot from first floppy device
  • hd - boot from first harddisk device
  • cdrom - boot from first cdrom device
• the <devices> section includes an emulator entry pointing to an additional program in charge of emulating the devices
• the disk entry indicates in the dev target section that the emulation for the drive is the first IDE disk device hda. The list of device names supported is dependant on the Hypervisor, but for Xen it can be any IDE device hda-hdd, or a floppy device fda, fdb. The <disk> element also supports a 'device' attribute to indicate what kinda of hardware to emulate. The following values are supported:
  • floppy - a floppy disk controller
  • disk - a generic hard drive (the default it omitted)
  • cdrom - a CDROM device
  For Xen 3.0.2 and earlier a CDROM device can only be emulated on the hdc channel, while for 3.0.3 and later, it can be emulated on any IDE channel.
• the <devices> section also include at least one entry for the graphic device used to render the os. Currently there is just 2 types possible 'vnc' or 'sdl'. If the type is 'vnc', then an additional port attribute will be present indicating the TCP port on which the VNC server is accepting client connections.

It is likely that the HVM description gets additional optional elements and attributes as the support for fully virtualized domain expands, especially for the variety of devices emulated and the graphic support options offered.

KVM domain

QEmu domain