libvirt/docs/formatsnapshot.rst

Snapshot XML format

Snapshot XML

Snapshots are one form of domain state capture. There are several types of snapshots:

disk snapshot

Contents of disks (whether a subset or all disks associated with the domain) are saved at a given point of time, and can be restored back to that state. On a running guest, a disk snapshot is likely to be only crash-consistent rather than clean (that is, it represents the state of the disk on a sudden power outage, and may need fsck or journal replays to be made consistent); on an inactive guest, a disk snapshot is clean if the disks were clean when the guest was last shut down. Disk snapshots exist in two forms: internal (file formats such as qcow2 track both the snapshot and changes since the snapshot in a single file) and external (the snapshot is one file, and the changes since the snapshot are in another file).

memory state (or VM state)

Tracks only the state of RAM and all other resources in use by the VM. If the disks are unmodified between the time a VM state snapshot is taken and restored, then the guest will resume in a consistent state; but if the disks are modified externally in the meantime, this is likely to lead to data corruption.

full system

A combination of disk snapshots for all disks as well as VM memory state, which can be used to resume the guest from where it left off with symptoms similar to hibernation (that is, TCP connections in the guest may have timed out, but no files or processes are lost).

Libvirt can manage all three types of snapshots. For now, VM state (memory) snapshots are created only by the virDomainSave(), virDomainSaveFlags, virDomainSaveParams and virDomainManagedSave() functions, and restored via the virDomainRestore(), virDomainRestoreFlags(), virDomainRestoreParams, virDomainCreate(), and virDomainCreateWithFlags() functions (as well as via domain autostart). With managed snapshots, libvirt tracks all information internally; with save images, the user tracks the snapshot file, but libvirt provides functions such as virDomainSaveImageGetXMLDesc() to work with those files.

Full system snapshots are created by virDomainSnapshotCreateXML() with no flags, while disk snapshots are created by the same function with the VIR_DOMAIN_SNAPSHOT_CREATE_DISK_ONLY flag. Regardless of the flags provided, restoration of the snapshot is handled by the virDomainRevertToSnapshot() function. For these types of snapshots, libvirt tracks each snapshot as a separate virDomainSnapshotPtr object, and maintains a tree relationship of which snapshots descended from an earlier point in time.

Attributes of libvirt snapshots are stored as child elements of the domainsnapshot element. At snapshot creation time, normally only the name, description, and disks elements are settable; the rest of the fields are ignored on creation, and will be filled in by libvirt in for informational purposes by virDomainSnapshotGetXMLDesc(). However, when redefining a snapshot ( since 0.9.5 ), with the VIR_DOMAIN_SNAPSHOT_CREATE_REDEFINE flag of virDomainSnapshotCreateXML(), all of the XML described here is relevant on input, even the fields that are normally described as readonly for output.

Snapshots are maintained in a hierarchy. A domain can have a current snapshot, which is the most recent snapshot compared to the current state of the domain (although a domain might have snapshots without a current snapshot, if snapshots have been deleted in the meantime). Creating or reverting to a snapshot sets that snapshot as current, and the prior current snapshot is the parent of the new snapshot. Branches in the hierarchy can be formed by reverting to a snapshot with a child, then creating another snapshot. For now, the creation of external snapshots when checkpoints exist is forbidden, although future work will make it possible to integrate these two concepts.

The top-level domainsnapshot element may contain the following elements:

name

The optional name for this snapshot. If the name is omitted, libvirt will create a name based on the time of the creation.

description

An optional human-readable description of the snapshot. If the description is omitted when initially creating the snapshot, then this field will be empty.

memory

On input, this is an optional request for how to handle VM memory state. For an offline domain or a disk-only snapshot, attribute snapshot must be no, since there is no VM state saved; otherwise, the attribute can be internal if the memory state is piggy-backed with other internal disk state, or external along with a second attribute file giving the absolute path of the file holding the VM memory state. Since 1.0.1

disks

On input, this is an optional listing of specific instructions for disk snapshots; it is needed when making a snapshot of only a subset of the disks associated with a domain, or when overriding the domain defaults for how to snapshot each disk, or for providing specific control over what file name is created in an external snapshot. On output, this is fully populated to show the state of each disk in the snapshot, including any properties that were generated by the hypervisor defaults. For full system snapshots, this field is ignored on input and omitted on output (a full system snapshot implies that all disks participate in the snapshot process). This element has a list of disk sub-elements, describing anywhere from zero to all of the disks associated with the domain. Since 0.9.5

disk

This sub-element describes the snapshot properties of a specific disk. The attribute name is mandatory, and must match either the <target dev='name'/> (recommended) or an unambiguous <source file='name'/> of one of the disk devices specified for the domain at the time of the snapshot. The attribute snapshot is optional, and the possible values are the same as the snapshot attribute for disk devices (no, internal, or external). Some hypervisors like ESX require that if specified, the snapshot mode must not override any snapshot mode attached to the corresponding domain disk, while others like qemu allow this field to override the domain default.

Since 8.2.0 the snapshot attribute supports the manual value which instructs the hypervisor to create the snapshot and keep a synchronized state by pausing the VM which allows to snapshot disk storage from outside of the hypervisor if the storage provider supports it. The caller is responsible for resuming a VM paused by requesting a manual snapshot. When reverting such snapshot, the expectation is that the storage is configured in a way where the hypervisor will see the correct image state.

Since 1.2.2 the disk element supports an optional attribute type if the snapshot attribute is set to external. This attribute specifies the snapshot target storage type and allows to overwrite the default file type. The type attribute along with the format of the source sub-element is identical to the source element used in domain disk definitions. See the disk devices section documentation for further information. Libvirt currently supports the type element in the qemu driver and supported values are file, block and network (since 1.2.2).

source

If the snapshot mode is external (whether specified or inherited), then there is an optional sub-element source, with an attribute file giving the name of the new file. If source is not given and the disk is backed by a local image file (not a block device or remote storage), a file name is generated that consists of the existing file name with anything after the trailing dot replaced by the snapshot name. Remember that with external snapshots, the original file name becomes the read-only snapshot, and the new file name contains the read-write delta of all disk changes since the snapshot.

The source element also may contain the seclabel element (described in the domain XML documentation) which can be used to override the domain security labeling policy for source.

driver

An optional sub-element driver, with an attribute type giving the driver type (such as qcow2), of the new file created by the external snapshot of the new file. Optionally metadata_cache sub-element can be used with same semantics as the identically named subelement of the domain definition disk's driver.

creationTime

A readonly representation of the time this snapshot was created. The time is specified in seconds since the Epoch, UTC (i.e. Unix time).

state

A readonly representation of the state of the domain at the time this snapshot was taken. If a full system snapshot was created, then this is the state of the domain at that time. When the domain is reverted to this snapshot, the domain's state will default to this state, unless overridden by virDomainRevertToSnapshot() flags to revert to a running or paused state. Additionally, this field can be the value "disk-snapshot" ( since 0.9.5) when it represents only a disk snapshot (no VM memory state), and reverting to this snapshot will default to an inactive guest.

parent

Readonly, present only if this snapshot has a parent. The parent name is given by the sub-element name. The parent relationship allows tracking a tree of related snapshots.

domain

A readonly representation of the domain that this snapshot was taken against. Older versions of libvirt stored only a single child element, uuid; reverting to a snapshot like this is risky if the current state of the domain differs from the state that the domain was created in, and requires the use of the VIR_DOMAIN_SNAPSHOT_REVERT_FORCE flag in virDomainRevertToSnapshot(). Newer versions of libvirt (since 0.9.5) store the entire inactive domain configuration at the time of the snapshot ( since 0.9.5 ). The domain will have security-sensitive information omitted unless the flag VIR_DOMAIN_SNAPSHOT_XML_SECURE is provided on a read-write connection.

cookie

An optional readonly representation of a save image cookie containing additional data libvirt may need to properly restore a domain from an active snapshot when such data cannot be stored directly in the domain to maintain compatibility with older libvirt or hypervisor.

Examples

Using this XML to create a disk snapshot of just vda on a qemu domain with two disks:

<domainsnapshot>
  <description>Snapshot of OS install and updates</description>
  <disks>
    <disk name='vda'>
      <source file='/path/to/new'/>
    </disk>
    <disk name='vdb' snapshot='no'/>
    <disk name='vdc'>
      <source file='/path/to/newc'>
        <seclabel model='dac' relabel='no'/>
      </source>
    </disk>
  </disks>
</domainsnapshot>

will result in XML similar to this from virDomainSnapshotGetXMLDesc():

<domainsnapshot>
  <name>1270477159</name>
  <description>Snapshot of OS install and updates</description>
  <state>running</state>
  <creationTime>1270477159</creationTime>
  <parent>
    <name>bare-os-install</name>
  </parent>
  <memory snapshot='no'/>
  <disks>
    <disk name='vda' snapshot='external'>
      <driver type='qcow2'/>
      <source file='/path/to/new'/>
    </disk>
    <disk name='vdb' snapshot='no'/>
  </disks>
  <domain>
    <name>fedora</name>
    <uuid>93a5c045-6457-2c09-e56c-927cdf34e178</uuid>
    <memory>1048576</memory>
    ...
    <devices>
      <disk type='file' device='disk'>
        <driver name='qemu' type='raw'/>
        <source file='/path/to/old'/>
        <target dev='vda' bus='virtio'/>
      </disk>
      <disk type='file' device='disk' snapshot='external'>
        <driver name='qemu' type='raw'/>
        <source file='/path/to/old2'/>
        <target dev='vdb' bus='virtio'/>
      </disk>
      ...
    </devices>
  </domain>
</domainsnapshot>

With that snapshot created, /path/to/old is the read-only backing file to the new active file /path/to/new. The <domain> element within the snapshot xml records the state of the domain just before the snapshot; a call to virDomainGetXMLDesc() will show that the domain has been changed to reflect the snapshot:

<domain>
  <name>fedora</name>
  <uuid>93a5c045-6457-2c09-e56c-927cdf34e178</uuid>
  <memory>1048576</memory>
  ...
  <devices>
    <disk type='file' device='disk'>
      <driver name='qemu' type='qcow2'/>
      <source file='/path/to/new'/>
      <target dev='vda' bus='virtio'/>
    </disk>
    <disk type='file' device='disk' snapshot='external'>
      <driver name='qemu' type='raw'/>
      <source file='/path/to/old2'/>
      <target dev='vdb' bus='virtio'/>
    </disk>
    ...
  </devices>
</domain>