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Signed-off-by: Peter Krempa <pkrempa@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Andrea Bolognani <abologna@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Daniel P. Berrangé <berrange@redhat.com>
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22 KiB
ReStructuredText
667 lines
22 KiB
ReStructuredText
======================
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virt-qemu-sev-validate
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======================
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--------------------------------------------
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validate a domain AMD SEV launch measurement
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--------------------------------------------
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:Manual section: 1
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:Manual group: Virtualization Support
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.. contents::
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SYNOPSIS
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========
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``virt-qemu-sev-validate`` [*OPTIONS*]
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DESCRIPTION
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===========
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This program validates the reported measurement for a domain launched with AMD
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SEV. If the program exits with a status of zero, the guest owner can be
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confident that their guest OS is running under the protection offered by the
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SEV / SEV-ES platform.
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Note that the level of protection varies depending on the AMD SEV platform
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generation and describing the differences is outside the scope of this
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document.
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For the results of this program to be considered trustworthy, it is required to
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be run on a machine that is already trusted by the guest owner. This could be a
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machine that the guest owner has direct physical control over, or it could be
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another virtual machine protected by AMD SEV that has already had its launch
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measurement validated. Running this program on the virtualization host will not
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produce an answer that can be trusted.
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If told to connect to libvirt, it will refuse to use a libvirt connection that
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is local to the machine, since that cannot be trusted. For the sake of testing
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or demonstration purposes, however, it can be forced to run in this scenario
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using the ``--insecure`` flag. The result will, of course, still not be
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trustworthy.
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OPTIONS
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=======
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Common options
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--------------
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``-h``, ``--help``
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Display command line help usage then exit.
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``-d``, ``--debug``
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Show debug information while running
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``-q``, ``--quiet``
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Don't print information about the attestation result.
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Guest state options
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-------------------
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These options provide information about the state of the guest that needs its
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boot attested.
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``--measurement BASE64-STRING``
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The launch measurement reported by the hypervisor of the domain to be validated.
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The measurement must be 48 bytes of binary data encoded as a base64 string.
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``--api-major VERSION``
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The SEV API major version of the hypervisor the domain is running on.
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``--api-minor VERSION``
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The SEV API major version of the hypervisor the domain is running on.
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``--build-id ID``
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The SEV build ID of the hypervisor the domain is running on.
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``--policy POLiCY``
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The policy bitmask associated with the session launch data of the domain to be
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validated.
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Guest config options
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--------------------
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These options provide items needed to calculate the expected domain launch
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measurement. This will then be compared to the reported launch measurement.
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``-f PATH``, ``--firmware=PATH``
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Path to the firmware loader binary. This is the EDK2 build that knows how to
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initialize AMD SEV. For the validation to be trustworthy it important that the
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firmware build used has no support for loading non-volatile variables from
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NVRAM, even if NVRAM is expose to the guest.
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``-k PATH``, ``--kernel=PATH``
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Path to the kernel binary if doing direct kernel boot.
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``-r PATH``, ``--initrd=PATH``
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Path to the initrd binary if doing direct kernel boot. Defaults to zero length
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content if omitted.
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``-e STRING``, ``--cmdline=STRING``
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String containing any kernel command line parameters used during boot of the
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domain. Defaults to the empty string if omitted.
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``-n COUNT``, ``--num-cpus=COUNT``
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The number of virtual CPUs for the domain. This is required when the
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domain policy is set to require SEV-ES.
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``-0 PATH``, ``--vmsa-cpu0=PATH``
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Path to the VMSA initial state for the boot CPU. This is required when
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the domain policy is set to require SEV-ES. The file contents must be
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exactly 4096 bytes in length.
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``-1 PATH``, ``--vmsa-cpu1=PATH``
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Path to the VMSA initial state for the non-boot CPU. This is required when
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the domain policy is set to require SEV-ES and the domain has more than one
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CPU present. The file contents must be exactly 4096 bytes in length.
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``--tik PATH``
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TIK file for domain. This file must be exactly 16 bytes in size and contains the
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unique transport integrity key associated with the domain session launch data.
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This is mutually exclusive with the ``--tk`` argument.
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``--tek PATH``
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TEK file for domain. This file must be exactly 16 bytes in size and contains the
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unique transport encryption key associated with the domain session launch data.
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This is mutually exclusive with the ``--tk`` argument.
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``--tk PATH``
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TEK/TIK combined file for the domain. This file must be exactly 32 bytes in
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size, with the first 16 bytes containing the TEK and the last 16 bytes
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containing the TIK. This is mutually exclusive with the ``--tik`` and ``--tek``
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arguments.
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Libvirt options
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---------------
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These options are used when connecting to libvirt to automatically obtain
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state and configuration information about the domain to be attested.
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``-c``, ``--connect URI``
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Libvirt connection URI. For the validation to be trustworthy this must be a URI
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resolving to a remote virtualization host. This requirement can be overridden
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using the ``--insecure`` argument.
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``-o``, ``--domain ID|NAME|UUID``
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Domain ID, or domain name or domain UUID. Used to identify which libvirt domain
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is to have its launch measured. The domain must be running, and would usually
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have been started in a paused state, to allow validation to be performed before
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guest CPUs begin execution.
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``-i``, ``--insecure``
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Proceed even if usage scenario is known to be insecure. This allows the program
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to connect to a local libvirt hypervisor and rely on file content from the
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virtualization host. It also allows the validation to proceed even if the
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virtual machine CPUs are not in the initial paused state. The result of the
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validation must not be trusted.
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``-g``, ``--ignore-config``
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Do not attempt to sanity check the domain config. The default behaviour is to
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print out errors if identifying configuration elements in the guest XML that
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would invalidate the launch measurement. This can help the guest owner to
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understand any configuration mistakes that have been made. If the
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``--ignore-config`` argument is given, this sanity checking of configuration
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will be skipped. The result is that the validation will likely be reported as
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failed.
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Secret injection options
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------------------------
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These options provide a way to inject a secret if validation of the
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launch measurement passes.
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``--inject-secret ALIAS-OR-GUID:PATH``
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Path to a file containing a secret to inject into the guest OS. Typical
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usage would be to supply a password for unlocking the root filesystem
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full disk encryption. ``ALIAS`` can be one of the well known secrets:
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* ``luks-key`` - bytes to use as a key for unlocking a LUKS key slot.
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GUID of ``736869e5-84f0-4973-92ec-06879ce3da0b``.
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Alternatively ``GUID`` refers to an arbitrary UUID of the callers
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choosing. The contents of ``PATH`` are defined by the requirements
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of the associated GUID, and will used as-is without modification.
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In particular be aware:
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* Avoid unwanted trailing newline characters in ``PATH`` unless
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mandated by the ``GUID``.
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* Any trailing ``NUL`` byte must be explicitly included in ``PATH``
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if mandated by the ``GUID``.
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This argument can be repeated multiple times, provided a different
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``GUID`` is given for each instance.
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``--secret-header PATH``
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Path to a file in which the injected secret header will be written in base64
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format and later injected into the domain. This is required if there is no
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connection to libvirt, otherwise the secret will be directly injected.
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``--secret-payload PATH``
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Path to a file in which the injected secret payload will be written in base64
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format and later injected into the domain. This is required if there is no
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connection to libvirt, otherwise the secret will be directly injected.
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EXAMPLES
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========
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Fully offline execution
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-----------------------
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This scenario allows a measurement to be securely validated in a completely
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offline state without any connection to the hypervisor host. All required
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data items must be provided as command line parameters. This usage model is
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considered secure, because all input data is provided by the user.
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Validate the measurement of a SEV guest booting from disk:
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::
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# virt-qemu-sev-validate \
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--firmware OVMF.sev.fd \
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--tk this-guest-tk.bin \
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--measurement Zs2pf19ubFSafpZ2WKkwquXvACx9Wt/BV+eJwQ/taO8jhyIj/F8swFrybR1fZ2ID \
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--api-major 0 \
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--api-minor 24 \
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--build-id 13 \
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--policy 3
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Validate the measurement of a SEV guest with direct kernel boot:
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::
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# virt-qemu-sev-validate \
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--firmware OVMF.sev.fd \
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--kernel vmlinuz-5.11.12 \
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--initrd initramfs-5.11.12 \
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--cmdline "root=/dev/vda1" \
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--tk this-guest-tk.bin \
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--measurement Zs2pf19ubFSafpZ2WKkwquXvACx9Wt/BV+eJwQ/taO8jhyIj/F8swFrybR1fZ2ID \
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--api-major 0 \
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--api-minor 24 \
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--build-id 13 \
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--policy 3
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Validate the measurement of a SEV-ES SMP guest booting from disk:
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::
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# virt-qemu-sev-validate \
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--firmware OVMF.sev.fd \
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--num-cpus 2 \
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--vmsa-cpu0 vmsa0.bin \
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--vmsa-cpu1 vmsa1.bin \
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--tk this-guest-tk.bin \
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--measurement Zs2pf19ubFSafpZ2WKkwquXvACx9Wt/BV+eJwQ/taO8jhyIj/F8swFrybR1fZ2ID \
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--api-major 0 \
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--api-minor 24 \
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--build-id 13 \
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--policy 7
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Validate the measurement of a SEV-ES SMP guest booting from disk, with
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automatically constructed VMSA:
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::
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# virt-qemu-sev-validate \
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--firmware OVMF.sev.fd \
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--num-cpus 2 \
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--cpu-family 23 \
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--cpu-model 49 \
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--cpu-stepping 0 \
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--tk this-guest-tk.bin \
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--measurement Zs2pf19ubFSafpZ2WKkwquXvACx9Wt/BV+eJwQ/taO8jhyIj/F8swFrybR1fZ2ID \
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--api-major 0 \
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--api-minor 24 \
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--build-id 13 \
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--policy 7
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Validate the measurement of a SEV guest booting from disk and
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inject a disk password on success:
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::
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# virt-qemu-sev-validate \
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--firmware OVMF.sev.fd \
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--tk this-guest-tk.bin \
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--measurement Zs2pf19ubFSafpZ2WKkwquXvACx9Wt/BV+eJwQ/taO8jhyIj/F8swFrybR1fZ2ID \
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--api-major 0 \
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--api-minor 24 \
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--build-id 13 \
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--policy 3 \
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--inject-secret 736869e5-84f0-4973-92ec-06879ce3da0b:passwd.txt \
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--secret-header secret-header.b64 \
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--secret-payload secret-payload.b64
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The ``secret-header.b64`` and ``secret-payload.b64`` files can now be sent to
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the virtualization host for injection.
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Fetch from remote libvirt
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-------------------------
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This scenario allows fetching certain data from a remote hypervisor via a
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connection to libvirt. It will aid in debugging by analysing the guest
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configuration and reporting anything that could invalidate the measurement
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of the guest. This usage model is considered secure, because the limited
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information obtained from the untrusted hypervisor cannot be used to change
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the result.
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Validate the measurement of a SEV guest booting from disk:
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::
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# virt-qemu-sev-validate \
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--connect qemu+ssh://root@some.remote.host/system \
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--firmware OVMF.sev.fd \
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--tk this-guest-tk.bin \
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--domain fedora34x86_64
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Validate the measurement of a SEV guest with direct kernel boot:
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::
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# virt-qemu-sev-validate \
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--connect qemu+ssh://root@some.remote.host/system \
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--firmware OVMF.sev.fd \
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--kernel vmlinuz-5.11.12 \
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--initrd initramfs-5.11.12 \
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--cmdline "root=/dev/vda1" \
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--tk this-guest-tk.bin \
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--domain fedora34x86_64
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Validate the measurement of a SEV-ES SMP guest booting from disk:
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::
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# virt-qemu-sev-validate \
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--connect qemu+ssh://root@some.remote.host/system \
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--firmware OVMF.sev.fd \
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--num-cpus 2 \
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--vmsa-cpu0 vmsa0.bin \
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--vmsa-cpu1 vmsa1.bin \
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--tk this-guest-tk.bin \
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--domain fedora34x86_64
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Validate the measurement of a SEV-ES SMP guest booting from disk, with
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automatically constructed VMSA:
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::
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# virt-qemu-sev-validate \
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--connect qemu+ssh://root@some.remote.host/system \
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--firmware OVMF.sev.fd \
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--cpu-family 23 \
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--cpu-model 49 \
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--cpu-stepping 0 \
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--tk this-guest-tk.bin \
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--domain fedora34x86_64
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Validate the measurement of a SEV guest booting from disk and
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inject a disk password on success:
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::
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# virt-qemu-sev-validate \
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--connect qemu+ssh://root@some.remote.host/system \
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--firmware OVMF.sev.fd \
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--tk this-guest-tk.bin \
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--domain fedora34x86_64 \
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--inject-secret 736869e5-84f0-4973-92ec-06879ce3da0b:passwd.txt
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Fetch from local libvirt
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------------------------
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This scenario allows fetching all data from the local hypervisor via a
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connection to libvirt. It is only to be used for the purpose of testing,
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debugging, or demonstrations, because running on the local hypervisor is not
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a secure scenario. To enable this usage, the ``--insecure`` flag must be
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specified. Given a pointer to the libvirt guest to validate, all information
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needed to perform a validation, except the TIK/TEK pair can be acquired
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automatically.
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Validate the measurement of a SEV guest booting from disk:
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::
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# virt-qemu-sev-validate \
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--insecure \
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--tk this-guest-tk.bin \
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--domain fedora34x86_64
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Validate the measurement of a SEV guest with direct kernel boot:
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::
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# virt-qemu-sev-validate \
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--insecure \
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--tk this-guest-tk.bin \
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--domain fedora34x86_64
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Validate the measurement of a SEV-ES SMP guest booting from disk:
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::
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# virt-qemu-sev-validate \
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--insecure \
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--vmsa-cpu0 vmsa0.bin \
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--vmsa-cpu1 vmsa1.bin \
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--tk this-guest-tk.bin \
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--domain fedora34x86_64
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Validate the measurement of a SEV-ES SMP guest booting from disk, with
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automatically constructed VMSA:
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::
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# virt-qemu-sev-validate \
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--insecure \
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--tk this-guest-tk.bin \
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--domain fedora34x86_64
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Validate the measurement of a SEV guest booting from disk and
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inject a disk password on success:
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::
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# virt-qemu-sev-validate \
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--insecure \
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--tk this-guest-tk.bin \
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--domain fedora34x86_64 \
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--inject-secret 736869e5-84f0-4973-92ec-06879ce3da0b:passwd.txt
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COMMON MISTAKES CHECKLIST
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=========================
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The complexity of configuring a guest and validating its boot measurement
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means it is very likely to see the failure::
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ERROR: Measurement does not match, VM is not trustworthy
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This error message assumes the worst, but in most cases will failure will be
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a result of either mis-configuring the guest, or passing the wrong information
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when trying to validate it. The following information is a guide for what
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items to check in order to stand the best chance of diagnosing the problem
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* Check the VM configuration for the DH certificate and session
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blob in the libvirt guest XML.
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The content for these fields should be in base64 format, which is
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what ``sevctl session`` generates. Other tools may generate the files
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in binary format, so ensure it has been correctly converted to base64.
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* Check the VM configuration policy value matches the session blob
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The ``<policy>`` value in libvirt guest XML has to match the value
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passed to the ``sevctl session`` command. If this is mismatched
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then the guest will not even start, and QEMU will show an error
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such as::
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sev_launch_start: LAUNCH_START ret=1 fw_error=11 'Bad measurement'
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* Check the correct TIK/TEK keypair are passed
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The TIK/TEK keypair are uniquely tied to each DH cert and session
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blob. Make sure that the TIK/TEK keypair passed to this program
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the ones matched to the DH cert and session blob configured for
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the libvirt guest XML. This is one of the most common mistakes.
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Further ensure that the TIK and TEK files are not swapped.
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* Check the firmware binary matches the one used to boot
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The firmware binary content is part of the data covered by the
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launch measurement. Ensure that the firmware binary passed to
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this program matches the one used to launch the guest. The
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hypervisor host will periodically get software updates which
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introduce a new firmware binary version.
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* Check the kernel, initrd and cmdline match the one used to boot
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If the guest is configured to use direct kernel boot, check that
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the kernel, initrd and cmdline passed to this program match the
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ones used to boot the guest. In the kernel cmdline whitespace
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must be preserved exactly, including any leading or trailing
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spaces.
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* Check whether the kernel hash measurement is enabled
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The ``kernelHashes`` property in the libvirt guest XML controls
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whether hashes of the kernel, initrd and cmdline content are
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covered by the boot measurement. If enabled, then the matching
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content must be passed to this program. UIf disabled, then
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the content must **NOT** be passed.
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* Check that the correct measurement hash is passed
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The measurement hash includes a nonce, so it will be different
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on every boot attempt. Thus when validating the measuremnt it
|
|
is important ensure the most recent measurement is used.
|
|
|
|
* Check the correct VMSA blobs / CPU SKU values for the host are used
|
|
|
|
The VMSA blobs provide the initial register state for the
|
|
boot CPU and any additional CPUs. One of the registers
|
|
encodes the CPU SKU (family, model, stepping) of the physical
|
|
host CPU. Make sure that the VMSA blob used for validation
|
|
is one that matches the SKU of the host the guest is booted
|
|
on. Passing the CPU SKU values directly to the tool can
|
|
reduce the likelihood of using the wrong ones.
|
|
|
|
* Check the CPU count is correct
|
|
|
|
When passing VMSA blobs for SEV-ES guests, the number of CPUs
|
|
present will influence the measurement result. Ensure that the
|
|
correct vCPU count is used corresponding to the guest boot
|
|
attempt.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Best practice is to run this tool in completely offline mode and pass
|
|
all information as explicit command line parameters. When debugging
|
|
failures, however, it can be useful to tell it to connect to libvirt
|
|
and fetch information. If connecting to a remote libvirt instance,
|
|
it will fetch any information that can be trusted, which is the basic
|
|
VM launch state data. It will also sanity check the XML configuration
|
|
to identify some common mistakes. If the ``--insecure`` flag is passed
|
|
it can extract some configuration information and use that for the
|
|
attestation process.
|
|
|
|
If the mistake still can't be identified, then this tool can be run
|
|
on the virtualization host. In that scenario the only three command
|
|
line parameters required are for the TIK, TEK and libvirt domain
|
|
name. It should be able to automatically determine all the other
|
|
information required. If it still reports a failure, this points
|
|
very strongly to the TIK/TEK pair not matching the configured
|
|
DH certificate and session blob.
|
|
|
|
The ``--debug`` flag will display hashes and/or hex dumps for various
|
|
pieces of information used in the attestation process. Comparing the
|
|
``--debug`` output from running on the hypervisor host, against that
|
|
obtained when running in offline mode can give further guidance to
|
|
which parameter is inconsistent.
|
|
|
|
As mentioned earlier in this document, bear in mind that in general
|
|
any attestation answers obtained from running on the hypervisor host
|
|
should not be trusted. So if a configuration mistake is identified
|
|
it is strongly recommended to re-run the attestation in offline mode
|
|
on a trusted machine.
|
|
|
|
|
|
EXIT STATUS
|
|
===========
|
|
|
|
Upon successful attestation of the launch measurement, an exit status of 0 will
|
|
be set.
|
|
|
|
Upon failure to attest the launch measurement one of the following codes will
|
|
be set:
|
|
|
|
* **1** - *Guest measurement did not validate*
|
|
|
|
Assuming the inputs to this program are correct, the virtual machine launch
|
|
has been compromised and it should not be trusted henceforth.
|
|
|
|
* **2** - *Usage scenario cannot be supported*
|
|
|
|
The way in which this program has been invoked prevent it from being able to
|
|
validate the launch measurement.
|
|
|
|
* **3** - *Usage scenario is not secure*
|
|
|
|
The way in which this program has been invoked means that the result of any
|
|
launch measurement validation will not be secure.
|
|
|
|
The program can be reinvoked with ``--insecure`` argument to force a
|
|
validation, however, the results of this should not be trusted. This should
|
|
only be used for testing, debugging or demonstration purposes, never in a
|
|
production deployment.
|
|
|
|
* **4** - *Domain has incorrect configuration to be measured*
|
|
|
|
The way in which the guest has been configured prevent this program from being
|
|
able to validate the launch measurement. Note that in general the guest
|
|
configuration reported by the hypervisor is not trustworthy, so it is
|
|
possible this error could be a false positive designed to cause a denial of
|
|
service.
|
|
|
|
This program can be reinvoked with the ``--ignore-config`` argument to skip
|
|
the sanity checks on the domain XML. This will likely result in it failing
|
|
with an exit code of **1** indicating the measurement is invalid
|
|
|
|
* **5** - *Domain is in incorrect state to be measured*
|
|
|
|
The domain has to be running in order to validate a launch measurement.
|
|
|
|
* **6** - *unexpected error occurred in the code*
|
|
|
|
A logic flaw in this program means it is unable to complete the validation of
|
|
the measurement. This is a bug which should be reported to the maintainers.
|
|
|
|
AUTHOR
|
|
======
|
|
|
|
Daniel P. Berrangé
|
|
|
|
|
|
BUGS
|
|
====
|
|
|
|
Please report all bugs you discover. This should be done via either:
|
|
|
|
#. the mailing list
|
|
|
|
`https://libvirt.org/contact.html <https://libvirt.org/contact.html>`_
|
|
|
|
#. the bug tracker
|
|
|
|
`https://libvirt.org/bugs.html <https://libvirt.org/bugs.html>`_
|
|
|
|
Alternatively, you may report bugs to your software distributor / vendor.
|
|
|
|
|
|
COPYRIGHT
|
|
=========
|
|
|
|
Copyright (C) 2022 by Red Hat, Inc.
|
|
|
|
|
|
LICENSE
|
|
=======
|
|
|
|
``virt-qemu-sev-validate`` is distributed under the terms of the GNU LGPL v2.1+.
|
|
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There
|
|
is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
|
|
PURPOSE
|
|
|
|
|
|
SEE ALSO
|
|
========
|
|
|
|
virsh(1), `SEV launch security usage <https://libvirt.org/kbase/launch_security_sev.html>`_,
|
|
`https://libvirt.org/ <https://libvirt.org/>`_
|