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---
title: A very short history of virtualization
description:
published: true
date: 2022-01-17T20:30:10.094Z
tags:
editor: markdown
dateCreated: 2022-01-17T20:30:10.094Z
---
# A very short history of virtualization
## The prehistory of virtualization
Virtualization as a computer-related technology is rather old: its foundations date back as early as the 60s.
At that time, computers generally weren’t available outside of the academia or other well-funded circles.
## The rise of personal computing
For many countries, the democratization of general purpose and personal computers happened between the 80s and the 90s.
At that time, many architectures and operating systems were in competition with one another. At the turn of the millennium, however, a consolidation happened: computers based on the x86 instruction set architecture came to dominate the consumer market.
## Hardware-assisted virtualization
In 2005, a new set of specialized CPU features for the x86 architecture was introduced, providing hardware-assisted virtualization.
This may be considered the first generation of virtualization-specific features for the x86 architecture.
This first generation of CPU features specific to virtualization was followed just before 2010s by the introduction of another set of features, which pushed the technology further, implementing a so-called Input–Output Memory Management Unit (IOMMU) for virtualization.
Through IOMMU, which is available for other architectures as well, guest machines can access the physical hardware directly and in a safer way, significantly reducing the overhead for most workloads while retaining certain security properties.
In summary, the second generation of virtualization-specific CPU technologies for the x86 architecture improved the performance as well as the security of running virtualized workloads.
## The commodification of hardware-assisted virtualization
For hardware-assisted virtualization to be useful to the general public, it would still need to be widely available, which means that most CPUs and platforms would have to be supported, regardless of the market segment they target: low to high-end, consumer- or professional-grade hardware.
In this regard, the latter part of 2010 marks a turning point, at least when it comes to the first generation of CPU extensions: general-purpose hardware-assisted virtualization is now widely available in most – if not all – x86-based computing hardware sold to the public.
As of 2021, the year in which this paper is being written, the commodification of hardware-assisted virtualization is already well underway.
Alas, affordable and widely accessible hardware is only one part of the answer. Just as with any other CPU extensions, to be useful and widely accessible, software that are designed to take advantage of hardware-assisted virtualization should exist and be accessible to the masses.
## Open-source virtualization
On common Linux distributions, virtualization is often driven by the KVM/QEMU or the Xen/QEMU duo.
With this software stack deployed on virtualization-friendly hardware, an operating system running on a virtual machine can be become almost indistinguishable from an operating system running on a physical computer.
## Timeline from the 2000s
* 2003 : Xen
* 2005? : QEMU
* 2005 : First generation of hardware-assisted virtualization (x86)
* 2007 : KVM
* ~2009 : Second generation of hardware-assisted virtualization (x86, IOMMU-based)
* 2015 : Commodification of hardware-assisted virtualization (x86)
---
*[**Go back to parent page**](/virt)*